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Training English Grammar Gerund and Infinitives, выпуск 4



Training English grammar с Людмилой Казаковой

Выпуск 4

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

В английском языке активно используется герундий, отглагольная часть речи: Verb – Gerund:

to swim – swimming, to run – running, to speak - speaking

Формальный признак герундия – флексия -ing , используется для образования Participle1/Причастие 1 и временных форм длительного времени (Progressive)

Различать формы Герундия и Причастия очень важно и довольно просто, поскольку герундий более самостоятелен, может выступать как самостоятельный член предложения, например,

∙ дополнение/Object:  I like running. You can start reading.

∙ a также подлежащее/Subject или сказуемое/Predicate: Swimming is my favorite sport. I start working at 8 o’clock.

Participle1 всегда связано с существительным, подчиняется ему и не может быть главным членом предложения: running water, a swimming fish,a flying plane, a singing bird.

В русском языке чаще слышим и говорим «я люблю плавать», плавание же, отглагольное существительное, используется скорее для характеристики вида спорта, а не процесса, или же плавание как длительное отсутствие на берегу: «уйти в плавание».

На практике важно различать случаи употребления герундия и, к примеру, инфинитива, а не только причастия первого.

The GERUND USES

∙ Subject of a verb: Smoking is bad for you.

∙ Object of a verb: Do you like cooking? ∙ The complement of to be: His favorite activity is watching television.

∙ After prepositions: She’s very good at listening to people

∙ After determiners (a, the, this, some, a lot of): The bombing of civilians horrified everyone.

∙ After possessive adjectives, object pronouns or nouns: I hope you don’t mind his/him/ John coming here.

∙ After adjectives: Regular swimming is very good for you. It was awful working here.

∙ In certain expressions: It’s no use trying to help her. Is this for peeling vegetables? How about going out for a meal tonight? There are some jobs I hate, like washing and ironing the clothes. We usually go fishing at the weekend. No smoking. No prompting. Notes!

∙ Gerunds can take objects and can be qualified by adverbs – I enjoy reading new books.

↓ ↓ Gerund object ↑ ↑ You should stop working so hard.

∙ The negative gerund form is not + gerund: It’s nice not being at work.

The INFINITIVE USES

∙ After certain verbs: They agreed to come.

∙ After certain verbs + person (object): I asked her to come here.

∙ After to be: My first thought was to phone you.

∙ To express purpose: I came here to tell you the good news.

∙ After be + adjective (+ of + noun/pronoun): It was nice to see you. It’s kind of you to help me She’s very keen to do the course.

∙ After the first/second/ last/ only best (and other superlative adjectives) + none or pronoun ‘one’: He was the only one to die.

∙ After a noun/ pronoun. The verb in the infinitive relates to the preceding noun/ pronoun: there’s a lot work to do. I’ve got a few people to see.

∙ After verbs of knowing and believing: Verb+ object + infinitive or Verb in the passive + infinitive: I know him to be an honest man. He is known to be an honest man We consider it to be our duty. It is considered to be our duty.

∙ After verb + question word: I don’t know what to do.

∙ After too + adjective and after adjective + enough: He is too till to come. The garden isn’t big enough to play games in.

∙ After is/ are to describe a future event: He is to become Mayor next month.

Notes!

∙ Infinitives can take objects and can be qualified by adverbs: He expects to win the race easily.

∙ The negative infinitive from is not + (to) infinitive: He agreed not to tell anyone.

VERB+ INFINITIVE + GERUND CONSTRUCTIONS.

The to-infinitive after a verb often describes a future event, an event following the main verb. For example, after hope, expect, promise, want, the event in the to-infinitive comes after the activity or thought in the main verb: I hope to see you next week. The gerund describes an activity. It does not indicate a time sequence: We enjoyed seeing you last weekend.

The BARE INFINITIVE We generally use to with the infinitive, e.g. I want to see you.

However, in some cases, we use the bare infinitive (without to).

∙ After modals and after the auxiliaries do/did: You must come. They may arrive soon. Did you pass the exam?

∙ After Let’s …: Let’s go out tonight.

∙ After make + noun/ pronoun object: He made me come here.

∙ After would rather: I’d rather walk there than take the bus. I’d rather not stay out late tonight.

∙ After had better: We’d better go home now.

∙ After Why not…? Why not phone me tomorrow?

∙ After the verb help, we can use the to-infinitive or the bare infinitive: Can you help me (to) open this?

∙ After a verb of perception (see, watch, notice, feel, hear) + object: I didn’t hear you come in. Note! Present participles also come after verbs of perception. When there is a series of infinitives after a verb: I’d like to come and see you.

PRACTICAL TRAINING

1. Point out – ing forms and. Are they Gerunds or Participles1? Qualify infinitives as parts of speech.

A man went to the Police Station wishing to speak with the burglar who had broken into his house the night before. "You'll get your chance in court," said the sergeant. "No, no no!" said the man. "I want to know how he got into the house without waking my wife. I've been trying to do that for years!"

FINAL REVISION

1. Complete the sentences using words in brackets; form Gerund or Infinitive:

1. (study) __________ English is fun. 2. My boss makes a habit of (jot)___quick notes to her employees when they have done a good job. 3. A: I don’t like airplanes. B: Why? Are you afraid of (fly)____? A: No, I’m afraid of (crash) ____. 4. I keep (forget) ____ (call) ____my friend Louise. I'd better write myself a note. 5. People in the modern world are wasteful of natural resources. For example, every three months people in North America throw away enough aluminum (build) ___an airplane. 6. How do you stop someone ___ something you know is wrong? (do) 7. One of my friends, Larry, has the bad habit of (interrupt) ___others while they’re talking. 8. I like (travel) ___to out-of-the-way places. I don’t like (go)___to usual tourist places when I’m on holiday. 9. I’m in the habit __ every morning, but I’m too tired today. (jog) 10. Exercise is good for you. Why don’t you walk up the stairs instead of (take)___the elevator?

2. Complete the sentences using Gerund as a subject or it + Infinitive. Add is where necessary. Use the verbs from the list below:

complete ,eat, live, drive, swim, forgive

1 a. _____ difficult ____these sentences correctly? b. _____ these sentences correctly difficult? 2. a. _____ on the wrong side of the road ____against the law b. _____ against the law ____on the wrong side of the road. 3. a. _____ fun for both children and adults ___in the ocean. b. _____ in the ocean ______ fun for both children and adults. 4. a. _____expensive _____in a dormitory? b. _____in a dormitory expensive? 5. a. What about your _________? b. _____ difficult for you ________ him?

Training English grammar с Людмилой Казаковой

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