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Lyuka_777

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Training English Grammar с очередным блоком правил и упражнений.


Training English Grammar с новым тренингом!. Тема выпуска: "Образование форм множественного числа английских имен существительных". В выпуске: теоретические объяснения, блок правил, тренировочные упражнения и контрольные задания. Muster your English at once!

Training English Grammar с Людмилой Казаковой

Имена существующие!

То есть СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ!

English NOUNS!

Заметьте! морфологические особенности большинства частей речи в русском и английском языках одинаковы.

Русские и английские имена существительные

ОБОЗНАЧАЮТ живые и неживые объекты: a man, a baby, a dog, etc. абстрактные понятия:  hate, love, freedom, etc.

ОТВЕЧАЮТ на вопрос «что»/ ‘what’ : вода, здание, страх; water, building, fear.

“The NOUN is a word expressing substance in the widest sense of the word”

 (V. Kaushanskaya. English Grammar.- 14 p.)

Имена существительные подразделяются на несколько групп-категорий:

·        Нарицательные/Common Nouns : a boy, the sea, town, etc.

·        Собственные/Proper Nouns : John, The Times, London, etc.

Кроме того:

Common Nouns split in the contrasted languages into the

following subclasses:

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Collective nouns

Names of materials

Class nouns

arrow, cap, carp, doll, tree, house, book; стрела, дом, кукла.

fear, hatred, knowledge, news; страх, ненависть,

надежда, горе,  любовь

cattle, crew, family, militia, government, poultry; команда, экипаж, народ

air, flour, iron, salt, snow;

снег, сахар, золото, металл

bird, desk,book, cat, flower, glove, kite; птица, животное, стол.

 

English Nouns has some categories: the category of case (mother’s bag), of number (singular and plural forms)

Forming the plural in English is very easy. Add '-s' to any singular word

Example: apple - apples and you have made the plural! Some words are formed differently:

·                        Words ending in '-y'. Add '-ies' if '-y' is follows a consonant

Example: candy - candies, jelly – jellies,  study-studies, lady-ladies

BUT: play-plays, boy-boys, monkey- monkeys

So, traditional way to form plurals is by adding the ending –s/-es:

 a girl- girls, a cat-cats, a day-days, a flag – flags, a boss-bosses,  etc.

When the -s sound cannot be conveniently (euphoniously) attached without making an additional syllable, -es is used: as, fox, fox-es; church, church-es. This is the case when the noun already ends in a sound of s; viz. s, sh, ch, x, z : gas, gas-es; summons, summons-es; lass, lass-es; fish, fish-es; birch, birch-es; box,

box-es; topaz, topaz-es; .Fitz, the Fitz-es.

·                        Words ending in '-ch'. Add '-es'

Example: watch - watches, peach - peaches box- boxes

·                        Words ending in '-s'. Add '-es'

Example: grass - grasses, glass – glasses

Some important exceptions to the plural rule include:

·                        man - men

·                        woman - women

·                        person - people

·                        child - children

·                        mouse- mice

·                        goose-geese

·                        tooth-teeth

When ch is sounded as [ k], -s only is added: as monarch, monarch-s. The sound of th is softened before s; mouth, mouths; path, paths.

Also -s is softened in house, houses.

NOTE.-Convenience and ease of articulation are in grammar eluded under the term euphony.  Any change in a word made for greater ease of articulation is said to be made for the sake of euphony.

Obs. To the above add many nouns in -o: potato, potato-es and one in i alkali, alkali-es. The following lists of nouns in o may be useful :-

o with plural -oes

Singular.

Plural.

buffalo
calico
cargo
domino
echo
flamingo
hero
magnifico
manifesto
mosquito
motto
mulatto
negro
no
potato
tomato
tornado
volcano

buffaloes
calicoes
cargoes
dominoes
echoes
flamingoes
heroes
magnificoes
manifestoes
mosquitoes
mottoes
mulattoes
negroes
noes*
potatoes
tomatoes
tornadoes
volcanoes

The term number refers to whether a noun is singular or plural. Most nouns can be either, depending on whether you are talking about one thing (dog) or more than one (dogs). You know the basic rule of adding - s to make the plural of a noun, and you also know that many nouns don't follow that rule—for example, sheep (singular), sheep (plural); enemy, enemies; wharf, wharves, hero, heroes, goose, geese, and so on. You should check your dictionary if you're not sure about a plural.

!!! Do not add - 's to a singular form to make it plural, even if the noun you are using is a family name: the Taylors, not the Taylor's; donkeys, not donkey'staxis, not taxi's.

Latin –Greek borrowings

The singular and plural forms of some nouns with Latin and Greek endings can cause trouble. The noun data, for example, is actually a plural; datum is the singular.

·   The final datum is not consistent with the preceding data, which are positive.

Although today the plural data is widely treated as singular, keep the distinction, particularly in scientific writing.

Here are some other examples of Latin and Greek singular and plural words:


bacterium- bacteria,

 criterion- criteria,

medium  - media;

alumnus (masculine singular) /alumni (masculine plural),

alumna (feminine singular) /alumnae (feminine plural).

NOTE!  If you are writing about television, use medium. If you are writing about radio, television, and the press, use media.

 

Practical training

1.     Fill up the table with word examples (5-7 words оn every rule)

 The worksheet may not be full if there are not enough examples from those you select.

 

The most basic case: nouns that become plural with –s

 

For nouns ending with a hiss sound (s, z, x, ch, sh), add –es

 

For nouns ending with a vowel and y, add –s

 

For nouns ending with a consonant and y, change –y to –ies

 

For nouns ending with –is, change to –es

 

For nouns ending with –f or –fe, change to –ves, including the exceptional case of roof

 

For nouns ending with –o, add either –s or –es (sometimes both endings are correct)

 

Irregular and mutating nouns (man, child, foot…)

 

Compound nouns with left-handed heads (e.g. brother-in-law)

 

Irregular nouns from Greek or Latin (cactus, alumnus, syllabus…)

 

Less common irregular nouns from Greek or Latin (gnus, larva, synopsis…)

 

Nouns with identical singular and plural form (fish, corps, aircraft…)

 

2.     Read and translate the text

Plural Verbs with Singular Subjects

We often use singular nouns that refer to groups of people (for example: team, government, committee) as if they were plural. This is particularly true in English and less true in USA English. This is because we often think of the group as people, doing things that people do (eating, wanting, feeling etc).

In such cases, we use:

plural verb

they (not it)

who (not which)

Here are some examples:

The committee want sandwiches for lunch. They have to leave early.

My family, who don’t see me often, have asked me home for Christmas.

The team hope to win next time.

Here are some examples of words and expressions that can be considered singular or plural:

choir, class, club, committee, company, family, government, jury, school, staff, team, union, the BBC, board of directors, the Conservative Party, Manchester United, the Ministry of Health

But when we consider the group as an impersonal unit, we use singular verbs and pronouns:

The new company is the result of a merger.

An average family consists of four people.

The committee, which was formed in 1999, is made up of four men and four women.

Notice that this is often a question of style and logic. The important thing is to be consistent.

3. Read the text. Pick out words in singular to form their plural forms, point out countable nouns with ‘C’ and uncountable with ‘U’.

There are many things in my kitchen at home. In the refrigerator, there are some apples and some oranges. There is some cheese, some butter and some oil. I have a few pieces of beef but there isn't any fish. In the kitchen, there are many pictures on the walls and my children like to put pictures on the refrigerator. Sometimes, I have some men friends visit me and we make lunch together. At other times, I have women friends visit me and we have dinner together.

Training English Grammar c Людмилой Казаковой

 

Final Revision

 

1.  Form Plural forms from singular Nouns, tell the rules you have used, mark words from different rules with different colors:

Cuckoo –                      

photo-

brush-

bench-

sight-

lady-

monkey-

toy-

echo-

scarf-

wharf - 

curriculum –

half-

ox –

hearth –

path-

myth-

editors-in chief-    

mother-of-pearls-

roof-

loaf-

leaf-

month-

volcano-

2. Open the brackets, put nouns into the plural form:

a. Would you bring the bottle and some _______ (glass) ?
b. We bought some _____ (sandwich).
c. It was a shop selling _____(video).
d. Would you like some of these _____(potato) ?
e. We saw a cartoon about _____(mouse).
f. All the houses had different coloured _____(roof).
g. It was autumn, and the ______(leaf) were falling.
h. We use several ______(process) to paint the cars.
i.They visited several _____(disco)that night.

Training English Grammar c Людмилой Казаковой


Good luck!

 l_kazakova@mail.ru
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