Деловой английский- расширяем активный словарный запас Banking vocabulary from Collins Cobuild Dictionary

Bank vocabulary from Collins cobuild dictionary

provide (provides, providing, provided) Frequency: The word is one of the 700
most common words in English. 1. If you provide something that someone needs
or wants, or if you provide them with it, you give it to them or make it available
to them. I’ll be glad to provide a copy of this... They would not provide
any details... The government was not in a position to provide them with food.
VERB: V n, V n, V n with n = supply ∙ provider (providers) They remain
the main providers of sports facilities.
N-COUNT 2. If a law or agreement provides that something will happen, it states
that it will happen. ( FORMAL ) The treaty provides that, by the end of the century,
the United States must have removed its bases... VERB: V that 3. see also provided
, providing


deposit (deposits, depositing, deposited) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000
most common words in English. 1. A deposit is a sum of money which is part of
the full price of something, and which you pay when you agree to buy it. A ?50
deposit is required when ordering, and the balance is due upon delivery. N-COUNT:
usu sing = down payment 2. A deposit is a sum of money which you pay when you
start renting something. The money is returned to you if you do not damage what
you have rented. It is common to ask
for the equivalent of a month’s rent as a deposit. N-COUNT: usu sing 3.
A deposit is a sum of money which is in a bank account or savings account, especially
a sum which will be left there for some time. N-COUNT 4. A deposit is a sum of
money which you have to pay if you want to be a candidate in a parliamentary
or European election. The money is returned to you if you receive more than a
certain percentage of the votes. ( BRIT ) The Tory candidate lost his deposit.
N-COUNT: oft poss N 5. A deposit is
an amount of a substance that has been left somewhere as a result of a chemical
or geological process. ...underground deposits of gold and diamonds. N-COUNT:
usu with supp 6. To deposit someone or something somewhere means to put them
or leave them there. Someone was seen depositing a packet... Fritz deposited
a glass and two bottles of beer in front of Wolfe... VERB: V n, V n prep/adv
= plant 7. If you deposit something somewhere, you put it where it will be safe
until it is needed again. You are advised to
deposit valuables in the hotel safe. VERB: V n prep/adv 8. If you deposit a sum
of money, you pay it into a bank account or savings account. The customer has
to deposit a minimum of ?100 monthly. VERB: V n ? withdraw 9. If a substance
is deposited somewhere, it is left there as a result of a chemical or geological
process. The phosphate was deposited by the decay of marine microorganisms. VERB:
usu passive, be V-ed

loan (loans, loaning, loaned) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common
words in English. 1. A loan is a sum of money that you borrow. The president
wants to make it easier for small businesses to get bank loans. ...loan repayments.
N-COUNT see also bridging loan , soft loan 2. If someone gives you a loan of
something, you borrow it from them. He had offered the loan of his small villa
at Cap Ferrat. N-SING: N of n 3. If you loan something to someone, you lend it
to them. He had kindly offered to loan
us all the plants required for the exhibit... We were approached by the Royal
Yachting Association to see if we would loan our boat to them. VERB: V n n, V
n to n, also V n = lend ∙ Loan out means the same as loan . It is common
practice for clubs to loan out players to sides in the lower divisions... The
ground was loaned out for numerous events including pop concerts. PHRASAL VERB:
V P n (not pron) to n, be V-ed out, also V n P, V P n 4. If something is on loan,
it has been borrowed. ...impressionist
paintings on loan from the National Gallery... PHRASE: v-link PHR, PHR after
v

derive (derives, deriving, derived) 1. If you derive something such as pleasure
or benefit from a person or from something, you get it from them. ( FORMAL )
Mr Ying is one of those happy people who derive pleasure from helping others.
VERB: V n from n/-ing 2. If you say that something such as a word or feeling
derives or is derived from something else, you mean that it comes from that thing.
Anna’s strength is derived from her parents and her sisters... The word
Easter derives from Eostre, the pagan goddess
of spring. VERB: be V-ed from n, V from n

profit (profits, profiting, profited) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500
most common words in English. 1. A profit is an amount of money that you gain
when you are paid more for something than it cost you to make, get, or do it.
The bank made pre-tax profits of ?3.5 million... You can improve your chances
of profit by sensible planning... N-VAR ? loss 2. If you profit from something,
you earn a profit from it. Footballers are accustomed to profiting handsomely
from bonuses... The dealers profited shamefully
at the expense of my family. VERB: V from/by n/-ing, V 3. If you profit from
something, or it profits you, you gain some advantage or benefit from it. ( FORMAL
) Jennifer wasn’t yet totally convinced that she’d profit from a
more relaxed lifestyle... So far the French alliance had profited the rebels
little... Whom would it profit to terrify or to kill James Sinclair? VERB: V
from/by n, V n, it V n to-inf ∙ Profit is also a noun. The artist found
much to his profit in the Louvre. N-UNCOUNT

interest rate The interest rate is the amount of interest that must be paid.
It is expressed as a percentage of the amount that is borrowed or gained as profit.
The Finance Minister has renewed his call for lower interest rates. N-COUNT



charge (charges, charging, charged) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most
common words in English. 1. If you charge someone an amount of money, you ask
them to pay that amount for something that you have sold to them or done for
them. Even local nurseries charge ?100 a week... The hospitals charge the patients
for every aspirin... Some banks charge if you access your account to determine
your balance. ...the architect who charged us a fee of seven hundred and fifty
pounds. VERB: V n, V n for n, V, V n
n 2. To charge something to a person or organization means to tell the people
providing it to send the bill to that person or organization. To charge something
to someone’s account means to add it to their account so they can pay for
it later. Go out and buy a pair of glasses, and charge it to us... All transactions
have been charged to your account. VERB: V n to n, V n to n = bill 3. A charge
is an amount of money that you have to pay for a service. We can arrange this
for a small charge... Customers
who arrange overdrafts will face a monthly charge of ?5. N-COUNT 4. A charge
is a formal accusation that someone has committed a crime. He may still face
criminal charges... They appeared at court yesterday to deny charges of murder.
N-COUNT 5. When the police charge someone, they formally accuse them of having
done something illegal. They have the evidence to charge him... Police have charged
Mr Bell with murder. VERB: V n, V n with n 6. If you charge someone with doing
something wrong or unpleasant, you publicly
say that they have done it. ( WRITTEN ) He charged the minister with lying about
the economy. VERB: V n with -ing/n = accuse 7. If you take charge of someone
or something, you make yourself responsible for them and take control over them.
If someone or something is in your charge, you are responsible for them. A few
years ago Bacryl took charge of the company... I have been given charge of this
class... They would never forget their time in his charge. N-UNCOUNT: usu N of
n 8. If you are in charge in a particular
situation, you are the most senior person and have control over something or
someone. Who’s in charge here? ...the Swiss governess in charge of the
smaller children. PHRASE: v-link PHR, oft PHR of n 9. If you describe someone
as your charge, they have been given to you to be looked after and you are responsible
for them. The coach tried to get his charges motivated. N-COUNT: usu pl, poss
N 10. If you charge towards someone or something, you move quickly and aggressively
towards them. He charged through
the door to my mother’s office... He ordered us to charge. ...a charging
bull. VERB: V prep/adv, V, V-ing ∙ Charge is also a noun. ...a bayonet
charge. N-COUNT 11. To charge a battery means to pass an electrical current through
it in order to make it more powerful or to make it last longer. Alex had forgotten
to charge the battery. VERB: V n ∙ Charge up means the same as charge .
There was nothing in the brochure about having to drive the car every day to
charge up the battery. PHRASAL VERB:
V P n (not pron) 12. An electrical charge is an amount of electricity that is
held in or carried by something. ( TECHNICAL ) N-COUNT: usu sing 13. see also
charged , baton charge , cover charge , depth charge , service charge 14. If
something is free of charge, it does not cost anything. The leaflet is available
free of charge from post offices. PHRASE = free

borrow (borrows, borrowing, borrowed) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000
most common words in English. 1. If you borrow something that belongs to someone
else, you take it or use it for a period of time, usually with their permission.
Can I borrow a pen please?... He wouldn’t let me borrow his clothes. VERB:
V n, V n ? lend 2. If you borrow money from someone or from a bank, they give
it to you and you agree to pay it back at some time in the future. Morgan borrowed
?5,000 from his father to form
the company 20 years ago... It’s so expensive to borrow from finance companies...
He borrowed heavily to get the money together. VERB: V n from n, V from n, V,
also V n 3. If you borrow a book from a library, you take it away for a fixed
period of time. I couldn’t afford to buy any, so I borrowed them from the
library. VERB: V n from n 4. If you borrow something such as a word or an idea
from another language or from another person’s work, you use it in your
own language or work. I borrowed
his words for my book’s title... Their engineers are happier borrowing
other people’s ideas than developing their own. VERB: V n, V n 5. Someone
who is living on borrowed time or who is on borrowed time has continued to live
or to do something for longer than was expected, and is likely to die or be stopped
from doing it soon. Perhaps that illness, diagnosed as fatal, gave him a sense
of living on borrowed time. PHRASE: V inflects

resource (resources) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words
in English. 1. The resources of an organization or person are the materials,
money, and other things that they have and can use in order to function properly.
Some families don’t have the resources to feed themselves properly... N-COUNT:
usu pl 2. A country’s resources are the things that it has and can use
to increase its wealth, such as coal, oil, or land. ...resources like coal, tungsten,
oil and copper... N-COUNT:
usu pl

security (securities) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words
in English. 1. Security refers to all the measures that are taken to protect
a place, or to ensure that only people with permission enter it or leave it.
They are now under a great deal of pressure to tighten their airport security...
Strict security measures are in force in the capital. N-UNCOUNT: with supp, oft
N n 2. A feeling of security is a feeling of being safe and free from worry.
He loves the security of a happy home life...
N-UNCOUNT: usu with supp, oft N of n ∙ If something gives you a false sense
of security, it makes you believe that you are safe when you are not. Wearing
helmets gave cyclists a false sense of security and encouraged them to take risks.
PHRASE: PHR after v 3. If something is security for a loan, you promise to give
that thing to the person who lends you money, if you fail to pay the money back.
( BUSINESS ) The central bank will provide special loans, and the banks will
pledge the land as security. N-UNCOUNT
= collateral 4. Securities are stocks, shares, bonds, or other certificates that
you buy in order to earn regular interest from them or to sell them later for
a profit. ( BUSINESS ) ...US government securities and bonds. N-PLURAL 5. see
also social security

lend (lends, lending, lent) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common
words in English. 1. When people or organizations such as banks lend you money,
they give it to you and you agree to pay it back at a future date, often with
an extra amount as interest. The bank is reassessing its criteria for lending
money... I had to lend him ten pounds to take his children to the pictures. ...financial
de-regulation that led to institutions being more willing to lend. VERB: V n,
V n n, V, also V n to n, V to
n ∙ lending ...a financial institution that specializes in the lending
of money. ...a slump in bank lending. N-UNCOUNT: usu with supp 2. If you lend
something that you own, you allow someone to have it or use it for a period of
time. Will you lend me your jacket for a little while?... He had lent the bungalow
to the Conrads for a couple of weeks. VERB: V n n, V n to n 3. If you lend your
support to someone or something, you help them with what they are doing or with
a problem that they have. He was approached
by the organisers to lend support to a benefit concert... Stipe attended yesterday’s
news conference to lend his support. VERB: V n to n, V n, also V n n = give 4.
If something lends itself to a particular activity or result, it is easy for
it to be used for that activity or to achieve that result. The room lends itself
well to summer eating with its light, airy atmosphere. VERB: V pron-refl to n
5. If something lends a particular quality to something else, it adds that quality
to it. Enthusiastic applause
lent a sense of occasion to the proceedings... A more relaxed regime and regular
work lends the inmates a dignity not seen in other prisons. VERB: V n to n, V
n n, also V n 6. see also lent 7. to lend an ear: see ear to lend a hand: see
hand

render (renders, rendering, rendered) 1. You can use render with an adjective
that describes a particular state to say that someone or something is changed
into that state. For example, if someone or something makes a thing harmless,
you can say that they render it harmless. It contained so many errors as to render
it worthless. VERB: V n adj = make 2. If you render someone help or service,
you help them. ( FORMAL ) He had a chance to render some service to his country...
Any assistance you can render him will
be appreciated... VERB: V n to n, V n n 3. To render something in a particular
language or in a particular way means to translate it into that language or in
that way. ( FORMAL ) All the signs and announcements were rendered in English
and Spanish. VERB: V n as/in/into n

demand (demands, demanding, demanded) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most
common words in English. 1. If you demand something such as information or action,
you ask for it in a very forceful way. Mr Byers last night demanded an immediate
explanation from the Education Secretary... Russia demanded that Unita send a
delegation to the peace talks... The hijackers are demanding to speak to representatives
of both governments... ‘What did you expect me to do about it?’ she
demanded. VERB: V n
from n, V that, V to-inf, V with quote 2. If one thing demands another, the first
needs the second in order to happen or be dealt with successfully. He said the
task of reconstruction would demand much patience, hard work and sacrifice...
VERB: V n = require 3. A demand is a firm request for something. There have been
demands for services from tenants up there... N-COUNT: usu with supp 4. If you
refer to demand, or to the demand for something, you are referring to how many
people want to have it, do it, or
buy it. Another flight would be arranged on Saturday if sufficient demand arose...
Demand for coal is down and so are prices... N-UNCOUNT ? supply 5. The demands
of something or its demands on you are the things which it needs or the things
which you have to do for it. ...the demands and challenges of a new job... N-PLURAL:
usu N of n, N on n 6. If someone or something is in demand or in great demand,
they are very popular and a lot of people want them. He was much in demand as
a lecturer in the US. PHRASE:
v-link PHR 7. If someone or something makes demands on you, they require you
to do things which need a lot of time, energy, or money. I had no right to make
demands on his time. PHRASE: V inflects, usu PHR on n 8. If something is available
or happens on demand, you can have it or it happens whenever you want it or ask
for it. ...a national commitment to providing treatment on demand for drug abusers.
PHRASE


amount (amounts, amounting, amounted) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500
most common words in English. 1. The amount of something is how much there is,
or how much you have, need, or get. He needs that amount of money to survive...
I still do a certain amount of work for them... Postal money orders are available
in amounts up to $700. N-VAR: usu N of n 2. If something amounts to a particular
total, all the parts of it add up to that total. Consumer spending on sports-related
items amounted to ?9.75 billion.
VERB: V to amount

due (dues) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English.
1. If an event is due to something, it happens or exists as a direct result of
that thing. The country’s economic problems are largely due to the weakness
of the recovery... PREP-PHRASE: v-link PREP n 2. You can say due to to introduce
the reason for something happening. Some speakers of English believe that it
is not correct to use due to in this way. Due to the large volume of letters
he receives Dave regrets he is unable
to answer queries personally... PREP-PHRASE 3. If something is due at a particular
time, it is expected to happen, be done, or arrive at that time. The results
are due at the end of the month... Mr Carter is due in London on Monday. ...customers
who paid later than twenty days after the due date. ADJ: usu v-link ADJ, oft
ADJ to-inf, ADJ prep/adv 4. Due attention or consideration is the proper, reasonable,
or deserved amount of it under the circumstances. After due consideration it
was decided to send him away
to live with foster parents... ADJ: ADJ n = proper 5. Something that is due,
or that is due to someone, is owed to them, either as a debt or because they
have a right to it. I was sent a cheque for ?1,525 and advised that no further
pension was due... I’ve got some leave due to me and I was going to Tasmania
for a fortnight. ADJ: v-link ADJ, oft ADJ to n ∙ Due is also a preposition.
He had not taken a summer holiday that year but had accumulated the leave due
him. PREP: oft n PREP n 6. If someone
is due for something, that thing is planned to happen or be given to them now,
or very soon, often after they have been waiting for it for a long time. He is
not due for release until 2020. ADJ: v-link ADJ for n ∙ Due is also a preposition.
I reckon I’m due one of my travels. PREP 7. Dues are sums of money that
you give regularly to an organization that you belong to, for example a social
club or trade union, in order to pay for being a member. Only 18 of the UN’s
180 members had paid their
dues by the January deadline. N-PLURAL: oft poss N 8. Due is used before the
words ‘north’, ‘south’, ‘east’, or ‘west’
to indicate that something is in exactly the direction mentioned. They headed
due north... ADV: ADV adv/adj 9. If you say that something will happen or take
place in due course, you mean that you cannot make it happen any quicker and
it will happen when the time is right for it. In due course the baby was born...
PHRASE: PHR with cl 10. You can
say ‘to give him his due’, or ‘giving him his due’ when
you are admitting that there are some good things about someone, even though
there are things that you do not like about them. To give Linda her due, she
had tried to encourage John in his school work. PHRASE 11. You can say ‘with
due respect’ when you are about to disagree politely with someone. With
all due respect, you’re wrong. PHRASE: PHR cl [politeness]

asset (assets) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English.
1. Something or someone that is an asset is considered useful or helps a person
or organization to be successful. Her leadership qualities were the greatest
asset of the Conservative Party... N-COUNT 2. The assets of a company or a person
are all the things that they own. ( BUSINESS ) By the end of 1989 the group had
assets of 3.5 billion francs. N-PLURAL

confidence Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English.
1. If you have confidence in someone, you feel that you can trust them. I have
every confidence in you... This has contributed to the lack of confidence in
the police... His record on ceasefires inspires no confidence. N-UNCOUNT: usu
N in n = faith 2. If you have confidence, you feel sure about your abilities,
qualities, or ideas. The band is on excellent form and brimming with confidence...
I always thought the worst of myself
and had no confidence whatsoever. N-UNCOUNT 3. If you can say something with
confidence, you feel certain it is correct. I can say with confidence that such
rumors were totally groundless. N-UNCOUNT: usu with N 4. If you tell someone
something in confidence, you tell them a secret. We told you all these things
in confidence... Even telling Lois seemed a betrayal of confidence. N-UNCOUNT:
usu in N ∙ If you take someone into your confidence, you tell them a secret.
If your daughter takes you into her confidence,
don’t rush off to tell your husband. PHRASE: V inflects 5. see also vote
of no confidence

maintain (maintains, maintaining, maintained) Frequency: The word is one of the
1500 most common words in English. 1. If you maintain something, you continue
to have it, and do not let it stop or grow weaker. The Department maintains many
close contacts with the chemical industry... VERB: V n 2. If you say that someone
maintains that something is true, you mean that they have stated their opinion
strongly but not everyone agrees with them or believes them. He has maintained
that the money was donated for international
purposes... ‘Not all feminism has to be like this,’ Jo maintains...
He had always maintained his innocence. VERB: V that, V with quote, V n = claim
3. If you maintain something at a particular rate or level, you keep it at that
rate or level. The government was right to maintain interest rates at a high
level. VERB: V n at n 4. If you maintain a road, building, vehicle, or machine,
you keep it in good condition by regularly checking it and repairing it when
necessary. The house costs a fortune to
maintain... The cars are getting older and less well-maintained. VERB: V n, V-ed
= look after 5. If you maintain someone, you provide them with money and other
things that they need. ...the basic costs of maintaining a child. VERB: V n =
provide for, support

provided If you say that something will happen provided or provided that something
else happens, you mean that the first thing will happen only if the second thing
also happens. The other banks are going to be very eager to help, provided that
they see that he has a specific plan... Provided they are fit I see no reason
why they shouldn’t go on playing for another four or five years. CONJ =
providing
credit (credits, crediting, credited) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500
most common words in English. 1. If you are allowed credit, you are allowed to
pay for goods or services several weeks or months after you have received them.
The group can’t get credit to buy farming machinery... You can ask a dealer
for a discount whether you pay cash or buy on credit. N-UNCOUNT: oft on N 2.
If someone or their bank account is in credit, their bank account has money in
it. ( mainly BRIT ) The idea that I could
be charged when I’m in credit makes me very angry... Interest is payable
on credit balances. N-UNCOUNT: in N, N n 3. When a sum of money is credited to
an account, the bank adds that sum of money to the total in the account. She
noticed that only $80,000 had been credited to her account... Midland decided
to change the way it credited payments to accounts... Interest is calculated
daily and credited once a year, on 1 April. VERB: be V-ed to n, V n to n, be
V-ed, also V n ? debit 4. A credit is a sum of
money which is added to an account. The statement of total debits and credits
is known as a balance. N-COUNT ? debit 5. A credit is an amount of money that
is given to someone. Senator Bill Bradley outlined his own tax cut, giving families
$350 in tax credits per child... N-COUNT = allowance 6. If you get the credit
for something good, people praise you because you are responsible for it, or
are thought to be responsible for it. It would be wrong for us to take all the
credit... Some of the credit for her relaxed
manner must go to Andy. N-UNCOUNT: oft the N for n/-ing ? blame 7. If people
credit someone with an achievement or if it is credited to them, people say or
believe that they were responsible for it. The staff are crediting him with having
saved Hythe’s life... The screenplay for ‘Gabriel Over the White
House’ is credited to Carey Wilson. VERB: V n with -ing/n, be V-ed to n,
also V n to n 8. If you credit someone with a quality, you believe or say that
they have it. I wonder why you can’t
credit him with the same generosity of spirit... VERB: V n with n 9. If you say
that someone is a credit to someone or something, you mean that their qualities
or achievements will make people have a good opinion of the person or thing mentioned.
He is one of the greatest British players of recent times and is a credit to
his profession. N-SING: a N to n ? disgrace 10. The list of people who helped
to make a film, a CD, or a television programme is called the credits. N-COUNT:
usu pl 11. A credit is a successfully
completed part of a higher education course. At some universities and colleges
you need a certain number of credits to be awarded a degree. N-COUNT 12. If you
say that something does someone credit, you mean that they should be praised
or admired because of it. You’re a nice girl, Lettie, and your kind heart
does you credit. PHRASE: V inflects 13. To give someone credit for a good quality
means to believe that they have it. Bratbakk had more ability than the media
gave him credit for. PHRASE: V inflects,
PHR n 14. You say on the credit side in order to introduce one or more good things
about a situation or person, usually when you have already mentioned the bad
things about them. On the credit side, he’s always been wonderful with
his mother. PHRASE: PHR with cl 15. If something is to someone’s credit,
they deserve praise for it. She had managed to pull herself together and, to
her credit, continued to look upon life as a positive experience... PHRASE: PHR
with cl, it v-link PHR that 16. If you
already have one or more achievements to your credit, you have achieved them.
I have twenty novels and countless magazine stories to my credit. PHRASE


issue (issues, issuing, issued) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common
words in English. 1. An issue is an important subject that people are arguing
about or discussing. Agents will raise the issue of prize-money for next year’s
world championships... Is it right for the Church to express a view on political
issues? N-COUNT: usu with supp = subject, matter see also side issue 2. If something
is the issue, it is the thing you consider to be the most important part of a
situation or discussion.
I was earning a lot of money, but that was not the issue... The real issue was
never addressed. N-SING: the N 3. An issue of something such as a magazine or
newspaper is the version of it that is published, for example, in a particular
month or on a particular day. The growing problem is underlined in the latest
issue of the Lancet... N-COUNT = edition 4. If you issue a statement or a warning,
you make it known formally or publicly. Last night he issued a statement denying
the allegations... Yesterday his kidnappers
issued a second threat to kill him. VERB: V n, V n = put out 5. If you are issued
with something, it is officially given to you. On your appointment you will be
issued with a written statement of particulars of employment... VERB: usu passive,
be V-ed with n ∙ Issue is also a noun. ...a standard army issue rifle.
N-UNCOUNT: oft N n 6. When something such as a liquid, sound, or smell issues
from something, it comes out of that thing. ( FORMAL ) A tinny voice issued from
a speaker. VERB: V from n 7. The
question or point at issue is the question or point that is being argued about
or discussed. The problems of immigration were not the question at issue... PHRASE:
usu v-link PHR 8. If you make an issue of something, you try to make other people
think about it or discuss it, because you are concerned or annoyed about it.
It seemed the Colonel had no desire to make an issue of the affair. PHRASE: V
inflects 9. If you take issue with someone or something they said, you disagree
with them, and start arguing about
it. I will not take issue with the fact that we have a recession. PHRASE: V inflects,
PHR n = argue



extend (extends, extending, extended) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500
most common words in English. 1. If you say that something, usually something
large, extends for a particular distance or extends from one place to another,
you are indicating its size or position. The caves extend for some 18 kilometres...
The main stem will extend to around 12ft, if left to develop naturally... Our
personal space extends about 12 to 18 inches around us... The high-speed train
service is planned to extend from Paris
to Bordeaux... The new territory would extend over one-fifth of Canada’s
land mass. VERB: V for amount, V to amount, V amount, V from n to n, V over n,
also V to n 2. If an object extends from a surface or place, it sticks out from
it. A shelf of land extended from the escarpment. VERB: V from n 3. If an event
or activity extends over a period of time, it continues for that time. ...a playing
career in first-class cricket that extended from 1894 to 1920... The courses
are based on a weekly two-hour class,
extending over a period of 25 weeks. VERB: V from n to n, V over n, also V to
n 4. If something extends to a group of people, things, or activities, it includes
or affects them. The service also extends to wrapping and delivering gifts...
His influence extends beyond the TV viewing audience. VERB: V to n/-ing, V beyond
n 5. If you extend something, you make it longer or bigger. This year they have
introduced three new products to extend their range... The building was extended
in 1500. ...an extended exhaust
pipe. VERB: V n, V n, V-ed 6. If a piece of equipment or furniture extends, its
length can be increased. ... a table which extends to accommodate extra guests...
The table extends to 220cm. VERB: V, V to amount 7. If you extend something,
you make it last longer than before or end at a later date. They have extended
the deadline by twenty-four hours. ...an extended contract. VERB: V n, V-ed 8.
If you extend something to other people or things, you make it include or affect
more people or things. It might be
possible to extend the technique to other crop plants. VERB: V n to n 9. If someone
extends their hand, they stretch out their arm and hand to shake hands with someone.
The man extended his hand: ‘I’m Chuck’. VERB: V n = stretch
out


exceed (exceeds, exceeding, exceeded) 1. If something exceeds a particular amount
or number, it is greater or larger than that amount or number. ( FORMAL ) Its
research budget exceeds $700 million a year... His performance exceeded all expectations.
VERB: V n, V n 2. If you exceed a limit or rule, you go beyond it, even though
you are not supposed to or it is against the law. ( FORMAL ) He accepts he was
exceeding the speed limit... VERB: V n

cash (cashes, cashing, cashed) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common
words in English. 1. Cash is money in the form of notes and coins rather than
cheques. ...two thousand pounds in cash. N-UNCOUNT see also hard cash , petty
cash 2. Cash means the same as money, especially money which is immediately available.
( INFORMAL ) ...a state-owned financial-services group with plenty of cash. N-UNCOUNT
= money 3. If you cash a cheque, you exchange it at a bank for the amount of
money that it is worth.
There are similar charges if you want to cash a cheque at a branch other than
your own. VERB: V n

honour (honours, honouring, honoured) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000
most common words in English. Note: in AM, use 'honor' 1. Honour means doing
what you believe to be right and being confident that you have done what is right.
I do not believe I can any longer serve with honour as a member of your government.
N-UNCOUNT 2. An honour is a special award that is given to someone, usually because
they have done something good or because they are greatly respected. He was showered
with honours–among
them an Oscar. N-COUNT 3. If someone is honoured, they are given public praise
or an award for something they have done. Two American surgeons were last week
honoured with the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology... VERB: usu passive,
be V-ed 4. If you describe doing or experiencing something as an honour, you
mean you think it is something special and desirable. Five other cities had been
competing for the honour of staging the Games... N-SING: oft N of -ing, it v-link
N to-inf 5. If you say that you would
be honoured to do something, you are saying very politely and formally that you
would be pleased to do it. If you say that you are honoured by something, you
are saying that you are grateful for it and pleased about it. Peter Alliss says
he would be honoured to be asked... It’s a very flattering offer, and I’m
honoured by your confidence in me. V-PASSIVE: be V-ed to-inf, be V-ed [politeness]
6. To honour someone means to treat them or regard them with special attention
and respect. Her Majesty later
honoured the Headmaster with her presence at lunch... Those right-wing people
who most honour their monarch see no reason for any apology. VERB: V n with n,
V n ∙ honoured Mrs Patrick Campbell was an honoured guest. ADJ: ADJ n 7.
If you honour an arrangement or promise, you do what you said you would do. The
two sides agreed to honour a new ceasefire... VERB: V n 8. Honours is a type
of university degree which is of a higher standard than a pass or ordinary degree.
...an honours degree in business studies.
N-UNCOUNT: usu N n 9. Judges, and mayors in the United States, are sometimes
called your honour or referred to as his honour or her honour. I bring this up,
your honor, because I think it is important to understand the background of the
defendant. N-VOC: poss N; PRON: poss PRON 10. see also guest of honour , lap
of honour , maid of honour 11. If someone does the honours at a social occasion
or public event, they act as host or perform some official function. ( INFORMAL
) A well-known television personality
did the honours at the official opening of the show. PHRASE: V inflects 12. If
something is arranged in honour of a particular event, it is arranged in order
to celebrate that event. The Foundation is holding a dinner at the Museum of
American Art in honour of the opening of their new show. PREP-PHRASE 13. If something
is arranged or happens in someone’s honour, it is done specially to show
appreciation of them. He will attend an outdoor concert in his honour in the
centre of Paris... PHRASE: n PHR, PHR
after v, PHR with cl

obligation (obligations) 1. If you have an obligation to do something, it is
your duty to do that thing. When teachers assign homework, students usually feel
an obligation to do it... Ministers are under no obligation to follow the committee’s
recommendations. N-VAR: usu N to-inf 2. If you have an obligation to a person,
it is your duty to look after them or protect their interests. The United States
will do that which is necessary to meet its obligations to its own citizens...
I have an ethical and a
moral obligation to my client. N-VAR: usu N to n = responsibility 3. In advertisements,
if a product or a service is available without obligation, you do not have to
pay for that product or service until you have tried it and are satisfied with
it. If you are selling your property, why not call us for a free valuation without
obligation?... PHRASE

value (values, valuing, valued) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common
words in English. 1. The value of something such as a quality, attitude, or method
is its importance or usefulness. If you place a particular value on something,
that is the importance or usefulness you think it has. Further studies will be
needed to see if these therapies have any value... Ronnie put a high value on
his appearance. N-UNCOUNT: also a N, usu with supp ∙ If something is of
value, it is useful or important.
If it is of no value, it has no usefulness or importance. This weekend course
will be of value to everyone interested in the Pilgrim Route... PHRASE: v-link
PHR 2. If you value something or someone, you think that they are important and
you appreciate them. I’ve done business with Mr Weston before. I value
the work he gives me... VERB: V n ∙ valued As you are a valued customer,
I am writing to you to explain the situation... ADJ 3. The value of something
is how much money it is worth. The value
of his investment has risen by more than $50,000... The country’s currency
went down in value by 3.5 per cent... N-VAR ∙ If something is of value,
it is worth a lot of money. If it is of no value, it is worth very little money.
...a brooch which is really of no value... It might contain something of value.
PHRASE: v-link PHR 4. When experts value something, they decide how much money
it is worth. Your lender will then send their own surveyor to value the property...
I asked him if he would have
my jewellery valued for insurance purposes... Spanish police have seized cocaine
valued at around $53 million. VERB: V n, have n V-ed, V-ed 5. You use value in
certain expressions to say whether something is worth the money that it costs.
For example, if something is or gives good value, it is worth the money that
it costs. The restaurant is informal, stylish and extremely good value... This
wine highlights the quality and value for money of South African wines. N-UNCOUNT
6. The values of a person or group
are the moral principles and beliefs that they think are important. The countries
of South Asia also share many common values... N-PLURAL: with supp, oft with
poss, supp N 7. Value is used after another noun when mentioning an important
or noticeable feature about something. The script has lost all of its shock value
over the intervening 24 years... N-UNCOUNT: n N 8. see also face value


face value 1. The face value of things such as coins, paper money, investment
documents, or tickets is the amount of money that they are worth, and that is
written on them. Tickets were selling at twice their face value. N-SING 2. If
you take something at face value, you accept it and believe it without thinking
about it very much, even though it might untrue. Public statements from the various
groups involved should not necessarily be taken at face value. PHRASE: PHR after
v

constitute (constitutes, constituting, constituted) 1. If something constitutes
a particular thing, it can be regarded as being that thing. Testing patients
without their consent would constitute a professional and legal offence... V-LINK:
no cont, V n 2. If a number of things or people constitute something, they are
the parts or members that form it. Volunteers constitute more than 95% of The
Center’s work force. V-LINK: no cont, V n = comprise 3. When something
such as a committee or government is constituted,
it is formally established and given authority to operate. ( FORMAL ) On 6 July
a People’s Revolutionary Government was constituted... The accused will
appear before a specially constituted military tribunal. VERB: usu passive, be
V-ed, V-ed = set up

laim (claims, claiming, claimed) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common
words in English. 1. If you say that someone claims that something is true, you
mean they say that it is true but you are not sure whether or not they are telling
the truth. He claimed that it was all a conspiracy against him... A man claiming
to be a journalist threatened to reveal details about her private life... ‘I
had never received one single complaint against me,’ claimed the humiliated
doctor... He claims
a 70 to 80 per cent success rate. VERB: V that, V to-inf, V with quote, V n =
maintain 2. A claim is something which someone says which they cannot prove and
which may be false. He repeated his claim that the people of Trinidad and Tobago
backed his action... He rejected claims that he had affairs with six women. N-COUNT:
usu with supp, oft N that 3. If you say that someone claims responsibility or
credit for something, you mean they say that they are responsible for it, but
you are not sure whether or not
they are telling the truth. An underground organisation has claimed responsibility
for the bomb explosion... VERB: V n 4. If you claim something, you try to get
it because you think you have a right to it. Now they are returning to claim
what was theirs. VERB: V n 5. A claim is a demand for something that you think
you have a right to. Rival claims to Macedonian territory caused conflict in
the Balkans. N-COUNT: oft N to n 6. If someone claims a record, title, or prize,
they gain or win it. ( JOURNALISM ) Zhuang
claimed the record in 54.64 seconds... VERB: V n 7. If you have a claim on someone
or their attention, you have the right to demand things from them or to demand
their attention. She’d no claims on him now... He was surrounded by people,
all with claims on his attention. N-COUNT: N on n 8. If something or someone
claims your attention, they need you to spend your time and effort on them. There
is already a long list of people claiming her attention. VERB: V n 9. If you
claim money from the government,
an insurance company, or another organization, you officially apply to them for
it, because you think you are entitled to it according to their rules. Some 25
per cent of the people who are entitled to claim State benefits do not do so...
John had taken out redundancy insurance but when he tried to claim, he was refused
payment... They intend to claim for damages against the three doctors. VERB:
V n, V, V for n ∙ Claim is also a noun. ...the office which has been dealing
with their claim for benefit...
Last time we made a claim on our insurance they paid up really quickly. N-COUNT:
oft N for n 10. If you claim money or other benefits from your employers, you
demand them because you think you deserve or need them. The union claimed a pay
rise worth four times the rate of inflation. VERB: V n ∙ Claim is also
a noun. They are making substantial claims for improved working conditions...
Electricity workers have voted for industrial action in pursuit of a pay claim.
N-COUNT: oft N for n 11. If you say that
a war, disease, or accident claims someone’s life, you mean that they are
killed in it or by it. ( FORMAL ) Heart disease is the biggest killer, claiming
180,000 lives a year. VERB: V n 12. see also no claims 13. Someone’s claim
to fame is something quite important or interesting that they have done or that
is connected with them. Barbara Follett’s greatest claim to fame is that
she taught Labour MPs how to look good on television. PHRASE: claim inflects,
oft poss PHR 14. If you lay claim
to something you do not have, you say that it belongs to you. ( FORMAL ) Five
Asian countries lay claim to the islands. PHRASE: V inflects, PHR n 15. to stake
a claim: see stake

bank I. FINANCE AND STORAGE ( banks, banking, banked ) Frequency: The word is
one of the 700 most common words in English. 1. A bank is an institution where
people or businesses can keep their money. Which bank offers you the service
that best suits your financial needs?... I had ?10,000 in the bank. N-COUNT 2.
A bank is a building where a bank offers its services. N-COUNT 3. If you bank
money, you pay it into a bank. Once you have registered your particulars with
an agency and it has banked your cheque, the
process begins. VERB: V n 4. If you bank with a particular bank, you have an
account with that bank. My husband has banked with the Co-op since before the
war. VERB: V with n 5. You use bank to refer to a store of something. For example,
a blood bank is a store of blood that is kept ready for use. ...Britain’s
National Police Computer, one of the largest data banks in the world. N-COUNT:
with supp, usu n N II. AREAS AND MASSES ( banks ) 1. The banks of a river, canal,
or lake are the raised areas of ground
along its edge. ...30 miles of new developments along both banks of the Thames.
...an old warehouse on the banks of a canal. N-COUNT: usu N of n = side 2. A
bank of ground is a raised area of it with a flat top and one or two sloping
sides. ...resting indolently upon a grassy bank. N-COUNT 3. A bank of something
is a long high mass of it. On their journey south they hit a bank of fog off
the north-east coast of Scotland. N-COUNT: N of n 4. A bank of things, especially
machines, switches, or dials, is a row
of them, or a series of rows. The typical laborer now sits in front of a bank
of dials. N-COUNT 5. see also banked III. OTHER VERB USES ( banks, banking, banked
) When an aircraft banks, one of its wings rises higher than the other, usually
when it is changing direction. A plane took off and banked above the highway
in front of him. VERB: V

transfer (transferred) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words
in English. 1. If you transfer something or someone from one place to another,
or they transfer from one place to another, they go from the first place to the
second. Remove the wafers with a spoon and transfer them to a plate... The person
can transfer from wheelchair to seat with relative ease. VERB: V n from/to n,
V from/to n ∙ Transfer is also a noun. Arrange for the transfer of medical
records to your new doctor... N-VAR:
oft N of n 2. If something is transferred, or transfers, from one person or group
of people to another, the second person or group gets it instead of the first.
I realized she’d transferred all her love from me to you... On 1 December
the presidency of the Security Council automatically transfers from the US to
Yemen. VERB: V n from/to n, V from/to n ∙ Transfer is also a noun. ...the
transfer of power from the old to the new regimes. N-VAR: usu N of n 3. Technology
transfer is the process or act
by which a country or organization which has developed new technology enables
another country or organization to use the technology. The Philippines needs
capital and technology transfer... N-VAR: supp N, N of n 4. In professional sports,
if a player transfers or is transferred from one club to another, they leave
one club and begin playing for another. ( BRIT ) ...Nick Barmby who transferred
from Spurs to Middlesbrough... He was transferred from Crystal Palace to Arsenal
for ?2.5 million. VERB: V from/to n,
be V-ed from/to n, also V n from/to n ∙ Transfer is also a noun. ( in AM,
use trade ) ...Gascoigne’s transfer to the Italian club, Lazio. N-COUNT
5. If you are transferred, or if you transfer, to a different job or place, you
move to a different job or start working in a different place. I was transferred
to the book department... I suspect that she is going to be transferred... Anton
was able to transfer from Lavine’s to an American company. VERB: be V-ed
from/to n, be V-ed, V from/to n,
also V n, V n from/to n ∙ Transfer is also a noun. They will be offered
transfers to other locations. N-VAR: oft N to n 6. When information is transferred
onto a different medium, it is copied from one medium to another. Such information
is easily transferred onto microfilm. ...systems to create film-quality computer
effects and then transfer them to film. VERB: be V-ed onto/to n, V n onto/to
n ∙ Transfer is also a noun. It can be connected to a PC for the transfer
of information. ...data transfer.
N-UNCOUNT: usu with supp, N of n, n N 7. When property or land is transferred,
it stops being owned by one person or institution and becomes owned by another.
( LEGAL ) He has already transferred ownership of most of the works to a British
foundation... Certain kinds of property are transferred automatically at death.
VERB: V n from/to n, be V-ed, also V n ∙ Transfer is also a noun. ...an
outright transfer of property. N-VAR: oft N of n 8. If you transfer or are transferred
when you are on a journey,
you change from one vehicle to another. He likes to transfer from the bus to
the Blue Line at 103rd Street in Watts... 1,654 passengers were transferred at
sea to a Norwegian cruise ship. VERB: V from/to n, be V-ed from/to n 9. Transfers
are pieces of paper with a design on one side. The design can be transferred
by heat or pressure onto material, paper, or china for decoration. ...gold letter
transfers. N-COUNT

means Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English. 1.
A means of doing something is a method, instrument, or process which can be used
to do it. Means is both the singular and the plural form for this use. The move
is a means to fight crime... The army had perfected the use of terror as a means
of controlling the population... Business managers are focused on increasing
their personal wealth by any available means. N-COUNT: with supp 2. You can refer
to the money that someone has as
their means. ( FORMAL ) ...a person of means... He did not have the means to
compensate her. N-PLURAL 3. If someone is living beyond their means, they are
spending more money than they can afford. If someone is living within their means,
they are not spending more money than they can afford. The more gifts she received,
the more she craved, until he was living beyond his means... PHRASE: v PHR, v-link
PHR 4. If you do something by means of a particular method, instrument, or process,
you do it using that method,
instrument, or process. This is a two year course taught by means of lectures
and seminars... PREP-PHRASE 5. You can say ‘by all means’ to tell
someone that you are very willing to allow them to do something. ‘Can I
come and have a look at your house?’ — ‘Yes by all means’.
CONVENTION [formulae] 6. You use expressions such as ‘by no means’,
‘not by any means’, and ‘by no manner of means’ to emphasize
that something is not true. This
is by no means out of the ordinary... They were not finished, however, not by
any means. PHRASE: PHR with cl/group, PHR before v [emphasis] 7. If you say that
something is a means to an end, you mean that it helps you to achieve what you
want, although it may not be enjoyable or important itself. We seem to have lost
sight of the fact that marketing is only a means to an end. PHRASE: usu v-link
PHR

essential (essentials) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words
in English. 1. Something that is essential is extremely important or absolutely
necessary to a particular subject, situation, or activity. It was absolutely
essential to separate crops from the areas that animals used as pasture... As
they must also sprint over short distances, speed is essential... Jordan promised
to trim the city budget without cutting essential services. ADJ: oft it v-link
ADJ to-inf = crucial 2. The essentials
are the things that are absolutely necessary for the situation you are in or
for the task you are doing. The flat contained the basic essentials for bachelor
life. N-COUNT: usu pl 3. The essential aspects of something are its most basic
or important aspects. Most authorities agree that play is an essential part of
a child’s development... In this trial two essential elements must be proven:
motive and opportunity. ADJ = fundamental 4. The essentials are the most important
principles, ideas, or facts of
a particular subject. ...the essentials of everyday life, such as eating and
exercise... N-PLURAL

carry on 1. If you carry on doing something, you continue to do it. The assistant
carried on talking... Her bravery has given him the will to carry on with his
life and his work... His eldest son Joseph carried on his father’s traditions...
‘Do you mind if I just start with the few formal questions please?’
— ‘Carry on.’ PHRASAL VERB: V P -ing, V P with n, V P n (not
pron), V P = continue 2. If you carry on an activity, you do it or take part
in it for a period of time. The
consulate will carry on a political dialogue with Indonesia... PHRASAL VERB:
V P n (not pron) = conduct 3. If you say that someone is carrying on, you are
irritated with them because they are talking very excitedly and saying a lot
of unnecessary things. ( INFORMAL ) She was yelling and screaming and carrying
on... He was carrying on about some stupid television series. PHRASAL VERB: V
P, V P about n [disapproval] = make a fuss

resort (resorts, resorting, resorted) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000
most common words in English. 1. If you resort to a course of action that you
do not really approve of, you adopt it because you cannot see any other way of
achieving what you want. His punishing work schedule had made him resort to drugs...
VERB: V to n/-ing 2. If you achieve something without resort to a particular
course of action, you succeed without carrying out that action. To have resort
to a particular course of action means
to have to do that action in order to achieve something. Congress has a responsibility
to ensure that all peaceful options are exhausted before resort to war. N-UNCOUNT:
N to n = recourse 3. If you do something as a last resort, you do it because
you can find no other way of getting out of a difficult situation or of solving
a problem. Nuclear weapons should be used only as a last resort... PHRASE: PHR
with cl 4. You use in the last resort when stating the most basic or important
fact that will still be true
in a situation whatever else happens. They would in the last resort support their
friends whatever they did. PHRASE: PHR with cl = ultimately 5. A resort is a
place where a lot of people spend their holidays. ...the ski resorts. N-COUNT:
usu supp N

implement (implemented) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words
in English. 1. If you implement something such as a plan, you ensure that what
has been planned is done. The government promised to implement a new system to
control financial loan institutions... VERB: V n = carry out ∙ implementation
Very little has been achieved in the implementation of the peace agreement signed
last January. N-UNCOUNT: oft N of n 2. An implement is a tool or other piece
of equipment. ( FORMAL ) ...writing
implements. N-COUNT

policy (policies) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in
English. 1. A policy is a set of ideas or plans that is used as a basis for making
decisions, especially in politics, economics, or business. ...plans which include
changes in foreign policy and economic reforms. ...the UN’s policy-making
body. N-VAR 2. An official organization’s policy on a particular issue
or towards a country is their attitude and actions regarding that issue or country.
...the government’s policy
on repatriation. ...the corporation’s policy of forbidding building on
common land. N-COUNT: usu poss N 3. An insurance policy is a document which shows
the agreement that you have made with an insurance company. ( BUSINESS ) You
are advised to read the small print of household and motor insurance policies.
N-COUNT: usu N n

case I. INSTANCES AND OTHER ABSTRACT MEANINGS ( cases ) Frequency: The word is
one of the 700 most common words in English. 1. A particular case is a particular
situation or incident, especially one that you are using as an individual example
or instance of something. Surgical training takes at least nine years, or 11
in the case of obstetrics... One of the effects of dyslexia, in my case at least,
is that you pay tremendous attention to detail... The Honduran press published
reports of eighteen cases of alleged
baby snatching. N-COUNT: oft in N, N of n 2. A case is a person or their particular
problem that a doctor, social worker, or other professional is dealing with.
...the case of a 57-year-old man who had suffered a stroke... Some cases of arthritis
respond to a gluten-free diet... Child protection workers were meeting to discuss
her case. N-COUNT 3. If you say that someone is a sad case or a hopeless case,
you mean that they are in a sad situation or a hopeless situation. I knew I was
going to make it–that
I wasn’t a hopeless case. N-COUNT: adj N see also basket case , nutcase
4. A case is a crime or mystery that the police are investigating. Mr. Hitchens
said you have solved some very unusual cases. N-COUNT 5. The case for or against
a plan or idea consists of the facts and reasons used to support it or oppose
it. He sat there while I made the case for his dismissal... Both these facts
strengthen the case against hanging... She argued her case. N-COUNT: usu sing,
oft N for/against n 6. In law, a case is
a trial or other legal inquiry. It can be difficult for public figures to win
a libel case... The case was brought by his family, who say their reputation
has been damaged by allegations about him. N-COUNT see also test case 7. You
say in any case when you are adding something which is more important than what
you have just said, but which supports or corrects it. The concert was booked
out, and in any case, most of the people gathered in the square could not afford
the price of a ticket. PHRASE: PHR with cl
[emphasis] = anyway, besides 8. You say in any case after talking about things
that you are not sure about, to emphasize that your next statement is the most
important thing or the thing that you are sure about. Either he escaped, or he
came to grief. In any case, he was never seen again. PHRASE: PHR with cl [emphasis]
= at any rate 9. If you do something in case or just in case a particular thing
happens, you do it because that thing might happen. In case anyone was following
me, I made an elaborate detour...
PHRASE 10. If you do something or have something in case of a particular thing,
you do it or have it because that thing might happen or be true. Many shops along
the route have been boarded up in case of trouble. PREP-PHRASE: PHR n 11. You
use in case in expressions like ‘in case you didn’t know’ or
‘in case you’ve forgotten’ when you are telling someone in
a rather irritated way something that you think is either obvious or none of
their business. She’s nervous about
something, in case you didn’t notice... PHRASE: PHR with cl [feelings]
12. You say in that case or in which case to indicate that what you are going
to say is true if the possible situation that has just been mentioned actually
exists. Members are concerned that a merger might mean higher costs, in which
case they would oppose it. PHRASE: PHR with cl 13. You can say that you are doing
something just in case to refer vaguely to the possibility that a thing might
happen or be true, without saying exactly
what it is. I guess we’ve already talked about this but I’ll ask
you again just in case. PHRASE: PHR with cl 14. You say as the case may be or
whatever the case may be to indicate that the statement you are making applies
equally to the two or more alternatives that you have mentioned. They know how
everything works–or doesn’t work, as the case may be. PHRASE 15.
If you say that a task or situation is a case of a particular thing, you mean
that it consists of that thing or can be described
as that thing. It’s not a case of whether anyone would notice or not. PHRASE
16. If you say that something is a case in point, you mean that it is a good
example of something you have just mentioned. In many cases religious persecution
is the cause of people fleeing their country. A case in point is colonial India.
PHRASE 17. If you say that something is the case, you mean that it is true or
correct. You’ll probably notice her having difficulty swallowing. If this
is the case, give her plenty of
liquids... Consumers had hoped the higher prices would mean more goods in stores.
But that was not the case. PHRASE: V inflects 18. If you say that someone is
on the case, you mean that they are aware of a particular problem and are trying
to resolve it. The CompuServe management is on the case now, and it looks as
if things will return to normal soon. PHRASE II. CONTAINERS ( cases ) 1. A case
is a container that is specially designed to hold or protect something. ...a
black case for his spectacles. N-COUNT:
oft n N see also attach? case , bookcase , briefcase , packing case , pillowcase
, showcase 2. A case is a suitcase. N-COUNT 3. A case of wine or other alcoholic
drink is a box containing a number of bottles, usually twelve, which is sold
as a single unit. N-COUNT: oft N of n III. GRAMMAR TERM ( cases ) 1. In the grammar
of many languages, the case of a group such as a noun group or adjective group
is the form it has which shows its relationship to other groups in the sentence.
N-COUNT 2. see accusative see
nominative see also lower case , upper case

perform (performs, performing, performed) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500
most common words in English. 1. When you perform a task or action, especially
a complicated one, you do it. His council had had to perform miracles on a tiny
budget... Several grafts may be performed at one operation. VERB: V n, V n 2.
If something performs a particular function, it has that function. A complex
engine has many separate components, each performing a different function. VERB:
V n 3. If you perform a play, a piece
of music, or a dance, you do it in front of an audience. Gardiner has pursued
relentlessly high standards in performing classical music... This play was first
performed in 411 BC... He began performing in the early fifties, singing and
playing guitar. VERB: V n, V n, V 4. If someone or something performs well, they
work well or achieve a good result. If they perform badly, they work badly or
achieve a poor result. He had not performed well in his exams... ‘State-owned
industries will always perform poorly,’
John Moore informed readers... VERB: V adv, V adv

finance (finances, financing, financed) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500
most common words in English. 1. When someone finances something such as a project
or a purchase, they provide the money that is needed to pay for them. The fund
has been used largely to finance the construction of federal prisons... Government
expenditure is financed by taxation and by borrowing. VERB: V n, be V-ed by n
= fund ∙ Finance is also a noun. A United States delegation is in Japan
seeking finance for a major scientific
project. N-UNCOUNT 2. Finance is the commercial or government activity of managing
money, debt, credit, and investment. ...a major player in the world of high finance...
The report recommends an overhaul of public finances... A former Finance Minister
and five senior civil servants are accused of fraud. N-UNCOUNT: also N in pl
3. You can refer to the amount of money that you have and how well it is organized
as your finances. Be prepared for unexpected news concerning your finances...
Finance is usually the
biggest problem for students. N-UNCOUNT: also N in pl, oft with poss

nvest (invests, investing, invested) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most
common words in English. 1. If you invest in something, or if you invest a sum
of money, you use your money in a way that you hope will increase its value,
for example by paying it into a bank, or buying shares or property. They intend
to invest directly in shares... He invested all our profits in gold shares...
When people buy houses they’re investing a lot of money. VERB: V in n,
V n in n, V n 2. When a government or organization
invests in something, it gives or lends money for a purpose that it considers
useful or profitable. ...the British government’s failure to invest in
an integrated transport system. ...the European Investment Bank, which invested
?100 million in Canary Wharf... Why does Japan invest, on average, twice as much
capital per worker per year than the United States? VERB: V in n, V n in n, V
n, also V 3. If you invest in something useful, you buy it, because it will help
you to do something more efficiently
or more cheaply. The company invested thousands in an electronic order-control
system... The easiest way to make ice cream yourself is to invest in an ice cream
machine. VERB: V n in n, V in n 4. If you invest time or energy in something,
you spend a lot of time or energy on something that you consider to be useful
or likely to be successful. I would rather invest time in Rebecca than in the
kitchen. VERB: V n in n 5. To invest someone with rights or responsibilities
means to give them those rights or responsibilities
legally or officially. ( FORMAL ) The constitution had invested him with certain
powers. VERB: V n with n

investment (investments) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words
in English. 1. Investment is the activity of investing money. He said the government
must introduce tax incentives to encourage investment... N-UNCOUNT: usu with
supp, oft N in n 2. An investment is an amount of money that you invest, or the
thing that you invest it in. You’ll be able to earn an average rate of
return of 8% on your investments. N-VAR: usu with supp 3. If you describe something
you buy as an investment, you
mean that it will be useful, especially because it will help you to do a task
more cheaply or efficiently. When selecting boots, fine, quality leather will
be a wise investment... N-COUNT: usu sing, usu adj N 4. Investment of time or
effort is the spending of time or effort on something in order to make it a success.
I worry about this big investment of time and effort. N-UNCOUNT: usu N of n

intermediary (intermediaries) An intermediary is a person who passes messages
or proposals between two people or groups. She wanted him to act as an intermediary
in the dispute with Moscow. N-COUNT = go-between

purpose (purposes) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in
English. 1. The purpose of something is the reason for which it is made or done.
The purpose of the occasion was to raise money for medical supplies... Various
insurance schemes already exist for this purpose. ...the use of nuclear energy
for military purposes... He was asked about casualties, but said it would serve
no purpose to count bodies... N-COUNT: with supp = aim 2. Your purpose is the
thing that you want to achieve. They
might well be prepared to do you harm in order to achieve their purpose... His
purpose was to make a profit by improving the company’s performance. N-COUNT:
with poss = aim, objective 3. Purpose is the feeling of having a definite aim
and of being determined to achieve it. The teachers are enthusiastic and have
a sense of purpose. N-UNCOUNT 4. see also cross-purposes 5. You use for all practical
purposes or to all intents and purposes to suggest that a situation is not exactly
as you describe it, but
the effect is the same as if it were. For all practical purposes the treaty has
already ceased to exist... PHRASE: PHR with cl = in effect 6. If you do something
on purpose, you do it intentionally. Was it an accident or did David do it on
purpose? PHRASE: PHR after v = intentionally

urchases, purchasing, purchased) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most
common words in English. 1. When you purchase something, you buy it. ( FORMAL
) He purchased a ticket and went up on the top deck... VERB: V n ∙ purchaser
(purchasers) The broker will get 5% if he finds a purchaser... N-COUNT = buyer
2. The purchase of something is the act of buying it. ( FORMAL ) Some of the
receipts had been for the purchase of cars. N-UNCOUNT: oft N of n see also hire
purchase 3. A purchase is something that
you buy. ( FORMAL ) She opened the tie box and looked at her purchase. It was
silk, with maroon stripes. N-COUNT 4. If you get a purchase on something, you
manage to get a firm grip on it. ( FORMAL ) I got a purchase on the rope and
pulled... I couldn’t get any purchase with the screwdriver on the damn
screws. N-UNCOUNT: also a N = grip

asset (assets) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English.
1. Something or someone that is an asset is considered useful or helps a person
or organization to be successful. Her leadership qualities were the greatest
asset of the Conservative Party... N-COUNT 2. The assets of a company or a person
are all the things that they own. ( BUSINESS ) By the end of 1989 the group had
assets of 3.5 billion francs. N-PLURAL

nonetheless Nonetheless means the same as nevertheless . ( FORMAL ) There was
still a long way to go. Nonetheless, some progress had been made... His face
is serious but nonetheless very friendly. ADV: ADV with cl = nevertheless

prior Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English. 1.
You use prior to indicate that something has already happened, or must happen,
before another event takes place. He claimed he had no prior knowledge of the
protest... The Constitution requires the president to seek the prior approval
of Congress for military action... ADJ: ADJ n 2. A prior claim or duty is more
important than other claims or duties and needs to be dealt with first. The firm
I wanted to use had prior commitments.
ADJ: ADJ n 3. A prior is a monk who is in charge of a priory or a monk who is
the second most important person in a monastery. N-COUNT; N-TITLE 4. If something
happens prior to a particular time or event, it happens before that time or event.
( FORMAL ) Prior to his Japan trip, he went to New York... PREP-PHRASE

primarily You use primarily to say what is mainly true in a particular situation.
...a book aimed primarily at high-energy physicists... Public order is primarily
an urban problem... ADV: ADV with v, ADV with cl/group = chiefly

business (businesses) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words
in English. 1. Business is work relating to the production, buying, and selling
of goods or services. ...young people seeking a career in business... Jennifer
has an impressive academic and business background. ...Harvard Business School.
N-UNCOUNT 2. Business is used when talking about how many products or services
a company is able to sell. If business is good, a lot of products or services
are being sold and if business is bad,
few of them are being sold. They worried that German companies would lose business...
Business is booming. N-UNCOUNT 3. A business is an organization which produces
and sells goods or which provides a service. The company was a family business...
The majority of small businesses go broke within the first twenty-four months...
He was short of cash after the collapse of his business. N-COUNT = company, firm
4. Business is work or some other activity that you do as part of your job and
not for pleasure. I’m
here on business... You can’t mix business with pleasure. ...business trips.
N-UNCOUNT: oft on N 5. You can use business to refer to a particular area of
work or activity in which the aim is to make a profit. May I ask you what business
you’re in? ...the music business. N-SING: oft supp N 6. You can use business
to refer to something that you are doing or concerning yourself with. ...recording
Ben as he goes about his business... There was nothing left for the teams to
do but get on with the business
of racing. N-SING: with supp 7. You can use business to refer to important matters
that you have to deal with. The most important business was left to the last...
I’ve got some unfinished business to attend to. N-UNCOUNT 8. If you say
that something is your business, you mean that it concerns you personally and
that other people have no right to ask questions about it or disagree with it.
My sex life is my business... If she doesn’t want the police involved,
that’s her business... It’s
not our business. N-UNCOUNT: with poss = affair, concern 9. You can use business
to refer in a general way to an event, situation, or activity. For example, you
can say something is ‘a wretched business’ or you can refer to ‘this
assassination business’. We have sorted out this wretched business at last...
This whole business is very puzzling. N-SING: supp N = affair 10. You can use
business when describing a task that is unpleasant in some way. For example,
if you say that doing something
is a costly business, you mean that it costs a lot. ( INFORMAL ) Coastal defence
is a costly business... Parenting can be a stressful business. N-SING: supp N
= affair 11. see also big business , show business 12. If two people or companies
do business with each other, one sells goods or services to the other. I was
fascinated by the different people who did business with me. PHRASE: V inflects,
PHR with n, pl-n PHR 13. If you say that someone has no business to be in a place
or to do something, you mean that
they have no right to be there or to do it. Really I had no business to be there
at all. PHRASE: V inflects, PHR to-inf, PHR -ing 14. A company that is in business
is operating and trading. You can’t stay in business without cash. PHRASE:
v-link PHR 15. If you say you are in business, you mean you have everything you
need to start something immediately. ( INFORMAL, SPOKEN ) All you need is a microphone,
and you’re in business. PHRASE: V inflects, v-link PHR 16. If you say that
someone means business,
you mean they are serious and determined about what they are doing. ( INFORMAL
) Now people are starting to realise that he means business. PHRASE: V inflects
17. If you say to someone ‘mind your own business’ or ‘it’s
none of your business’, you are rudely telling them not to ask about something
that does not concern them. ( INFORMAL ) I asked Laura what was wrong and she
told me to mind my own business. PHRASE 18. If a shop or company goes out of
business or is put out of business,
it has to stop trading because it is not making enough money. Thousands of firms
could go out of business. PHRASE: PHR after v 19. In a difficult situation, if
you say it is business as usual, you mean that people will continue doing what
they normally do. The Queen was determined to show it was business as usual.
PHRASE: usu v-link PHR

money (monies, or moneys) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words
in English. 1. Money is the coins or bank notes that you use to buy things, or
the sum that you have in a bank account. A lot of the money that you pay at the
cinema goes back to the film distributors... Players should be allowed to earn
money from advertising... ...discounts and money saving offers. N-UNCOUNT 2.
Monies is used to refer to several separate sums of money that form part of a
larger amount that is received or spent.
( FORMAL ) We drew up a schedule of payments for the rest of the monies owed.
N-PLURAL 3. see also blood money , pocket money 4. If you say that someone has
money to burn, you mean that they have more money than they need or that they
spend their money on things that you think are unnecessary. He was a high-earning
broker with money to burn. PHRASE: V inflects 5. If you are in the money, you
have a lot of money to spend. ( INFORMAL ) If you are one of the lucky callers
chosen to play, you could be in the money.
PHRASE: usu v-link PHR 6. If you make money, you obtain money by earning it or
by making a profit. ...the only bit of the firm that consistently made money.
PHRASE: V inflects 7. If you say that you want someone to put their money where
their mouth is, you want them to spend money to improve a bad situation, instead
of just talking about improving it. The government might be obliged to put its
money where its mouth is to prove its commitment. PHRASE: V inflects 8. If you
say that the smart money is on a particular
person or thing, you mean that people who know a lot about it think that this
person will be successful, or this thing will happen. ( JOURNALISM ) With England
not playing, the smart money was on the Germans... PHRASE 9. If you say that
money talks, you mean that if someone has a lot of money, they also have a lot
of power. The formula in Hollywood is simple–money talks. PHRASE 10. If
you say that someone is throwing money at a problem, you are critical of them
for trying to improve it by spending money
on it, instead of doing more thoughtful and practical things to improve it. The
Australian government’s answer to the problem has been to throw money at
it. PHRASE: V inflects, PHR n [disapproval] 11. If you say that someone is throwing
good money after bad, you are critical of them for trying to improve a bad situation
by spending more money on it, instead of doing more thoughtful or practical things
to improve it. Further heavy intervention would be throwing good money after
bad. PHRASE: V inflects
[disapproval] 12. If you get your money’s worth, you get something which
is worth the money that it costs or the effort you have put in. The fans get
their money’s worth. PHRASE: PHR after v 13. to be rolling in money: see
rolling money for old rope: see rope to give someone a run for their money: see
run

supply (supplies, supplying, supplied) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500
most common words in English. 1. If you supply someone with something that they
want or need, you give them a quantity of it. ...an agreement not to produce
or supply chemical weapons. ...a pipeline which will supply the major Greek cities
with Russian natural gas. ...the blood vessels supplying oxygen to the brain.
VERB: V n, V n with n, V n to n 2. You can use supplies to refer to food, equipment,
and other essential things that
people need, especially when these are provided in large quantities. What happens
when food and gasoline supplies run low?... The country’s only supplies
are those it can import by lorry from Vietnam. N-PLURAL: oft n N 3. A supply
of something is an amount of it which someone has or which is available for them
to use. The brain requires a constant supply of oxygen... Most urban water supplies
in the United States now contain fluoride in varying amounts. N-VAR: N of n,
n N 4. Supply is the quantity of
goods and services that can be made available for people to buy. ( BUSINESS )
Prices change according to supply and demand. N-UNCOUNT ? demand 5. If something
is in short supply, there is very little of it available and it is difficult
to find or obtain. Food is in short supply all over the country... PHRASE: usu
v-link PHR

deal with 1. When you deal with something or someone that needs attention, you
give your attention to them, and often solve a problem or make a decision concerning
them. ...the way that building societies deal with complaints... The President
said the agreement would allow other vital problems to be dealt with. PHRASAL
VERB: V P n, V P n = handle 2. If you deal with an unpleasant emotion or an emotionally
difficult situation, you recognize it, and remain calm and in control of yourself
in spite of it. She saw
a psychiatrist who used hypnotism to help her deal with her fear... PHRASAL VERB:
V P n 3. If a book, speech, or film deals with a particular thing, it has that
thing as its subject or is concerned with it. ...the parts of his book which
deal with contemporary Paris. PHRASAL VERB: V P n 4. If you deal with a particular
person or organization, you have business relations with them. When I worked
in Florida I dealt with British people all the time... PHRASAL VERB: V P n

exchange (exchanges, exchanging, exchanged) Frequency: The word is one of the
1500 most common words in English. 1. If two or more people exchange things of
a particular kind, they give them to each other at the same time. We exchanged
addresses and Christmas cards... He exchanged a quick smile with her then entered
the lift. V-RECIP: pl-n V, V n with n ∙ Exchange is also a noun. He ruled
out any exchange of prisoners with the militants. ...a frank exchange of views.
N-COUNT: oft N of pl-n 2. If you exchange
something, you replace it with a different thing, especially something that is
better or more satisfactory. ...the chance to sell back or exchange goods...
If the car you have leased is clearly unsatisfactory, you can always exchange
it for another. VERB: V n, V n for n 3. An exchange is a brief conversation,
usually an angry one. ( FORMAL ) There’ve been some bitter exchanges between
the two groups. N-COUNT 4. An exchange of fire, for example, is an incident in
which people use guns or missiles against
each other. There was an exchange of fire during which the gunman was wounded...
N-COUNT: oft N of n 5. An exchange is an arrangement in which people from two
different countries visit each other’s country, to strengthen links between
them. ...a series of sporting and cultural exchanges with Seoul... I’m
going to go on an exchange visit to Paris. N-COUNT: usu adj N 6. The exchange
is the same as the telephone exchange . N-COUNT: usu the N 7. see also corn exchange
, foreign exchange , stock exchange
8. If you do or give something in exchange for something else, you do it or give
it in order to get that thing. It is illegal for public officials to solicit
gifts or money in exchange for favors... PHRASE: usu PHR for n, PHR with cl

remittance (remittances) A remittance is a sum of money that you send to someone.
( FORMAL ) Please enclose your remittance, making cheques payable to Thames Valley
Technology. N-VAR = payment

payments) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English.
1. A payment is an amount of money that is paid to someone, or the act of paying
this money. Thousands of its customers are in arrears with loans and mortgage
payments... The fund will make payments of just over ?1 billion next year. N-COUNT:
oft n N, N to/of/on n 2. Payment is the act of paying money to someone or of
being paid. He had sought to obtain payment of a sum which he had claimed was
owed to him. N-UNCOUNT: oft N of/for
n 3. see also balance of payments , down payment

account (accounts, accounting, accounted) Frequency: The word is one of the 700
most common words in English. 1. If you have an account with a bank or a similar
organization, you have an arrangement to leave your money there and take some
out when you need it. Some banks make it difficult to open an account... I had
two accounts with Natwest, a savings account and a current account. N-COUNT 2.
In business, a regular customer of a company can be referred to as an account,
especially when the customer is another
company. ( BUSINESS ) Biggart Donald, the Glasgow-based marketing agency, has
won two Edinburgh accounts. N-COUNT 3. Accounts are detailed records of all the
money that a person or business receives and spends. ( BUSINESS ) He kept detailed
accounts. ...an account book. N-COUNT: usu pl 4. An account is a written or spoken
report of something that has happened. He gave a detailed account of what happened
on the fateful night... N-COUNT: with supp, usu N of n = report 5. see also accounting
, bank account , current
account , deposit account , joint 6. If you say that something is true by all
accounts or from all accounts, you believe it is true because other people say
so. He is, by all accounts, a superb teacher. PHRASE: PHR with cl 7. If you say
that someone gave a good account of themselves in a particular situation, you
mean that they performed well, although they may not have been completely successful.
The team fought hard and gave a good account of themselves. PHRASE: V inflects
8. If you say that something is
of no account or of little account, you mean that it is very unimportant and
is not worth considering. ( FORMAL ) These obscure groups were of little account
in national politics. PHRASE: v-link PHR 9. If you buy or pay for something on
account, you pay nothing or only part of the cost at first, and pay the rest
later. He bought two bottles of vodka on account. PHRASE: PHR after v 10. You
use on account of to introduce the reason or explanation for something. The President
declined to deliver the speech himself,
on account of a sore throat... PREP-PHRASE 11. Your feelings on someone’s
account are the feelings you have about what they have experienced or might experience,
especially when you imagine yourself to be in their situation. Mollie told me
what she’d done and I was really scared on her account. PHRASE: usu adj/n
PHR 12. If you tell someone not to do something on your account, you mean that
they should do it only if they want to, and not because they think it will please
you. ( SPOKEN ) Don’t
leave on my account. PHRASE: PHR after v 13. If you say that something should
on no account be done, you are emphasizing that it should not be done under any
circumstances. On no account should the mixture boil. PHRASE [emphasis] 14. If
you do something on your own account, you do it because you want to and without
being asked, and you take responsibility for your own action. I told him if he
withdrew it was on his own account. PHRASE: PHR after v 15. If you take something
into account, or take account of something,
you consider it when you are thinking about a situation or deciding what to do.
The defendant asked for 21 similar offences to be taken into account... Urban
planners in practice have to take account of many interest groups in society.
PHRASE: V inflects = consider 16. If someone is called, held, or brought to account
for something they have done wrong, they are made to explain why they did it,
and are often criticized or punished for it. Ministers should be called to account
for their actions. PHRASE: V inflects,
oft PHR for n

debit (debits, debiting, debited) 1. When your bank debits your account, money
is taken from it and paid to someone else. We will always confirm the revised
amount to you in writing before debiting your account. VERB: V n 2. A debit is
a record of the money taken from your bank account, for example when you write
a cheque. The total of debits must balance the total of credits. N-COUNT 3. see
also direct debit

currency (currencies) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words
in English. 1. The money used in a particular country is referred to as its currency.
Tourism is the country’s top earner of foreign currency... More people
favour a single European currency than oppose it. N-VAR 2. If a custom, idea,
or word has currency, it is used and accepted by a lot of people at a particular
time. ( FORMAL ) ‘Loop’ is one of those computer words that has gained
currency in society. N-UNCOUNT
= acceptance 3. see also common currency

gain (gains, gaining, gained) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common
words in English. 1. If a person or place gains something such as an ability
or quality, they gradually get more of it. Students can gain valuable experience
by working on the campus radio or magazine... While it has lost its tranquility,
the area has gained in liveliness. VERB: V n, V in n 2. If you gain from something
such as an event or situation, you get some advantage or benefit from it. The
company didn’t disclose how
much it expects to gain from the two deals... There is absolutely nothing to
be gained by feeling bitter... It is sad that a major company should try to gain
from other people’s suffering. VERB: V n from/by n/-ing, V n from/by n/-ing,
V from n 3. To gain something such as weight or speed means to have an increase
in that particular thing. Some people do gain weight after they stop smoking...
She gained some 25lb in weight during her pregnancy. VERB: V n, V amount ? lose
∙ Gain is also a noun. Excessive
weight gain doesn’t do you any good. N-VAR: usu with supp = increase 4.
If you gain something, you obtain it, especially after a lot of hard work or
effort. They realise that passing exams is no longer enough to gain a place at
university... VERB: V n = obtain 5. If you do something for gain, you do it in
order to get some advantage or profit for yourself, and for no other reason.
( FORMAL ) ...buying art solely for financial gain. PHRASE: PHR after v [disapproval]
6. If something such as an idea or an
ideal gains ground, it gradually becomes more widely known or more popular. The
Christian right has been steadily gaining ground in state politics. PHRASE: V
inflects 7. If you do something in order to gain time, you do it in order to
give yourself enough time to think of an excuse or a way out of a difficult situation.
...I hoped to gain time by keeping him talking. PHRASE: V inflects, oft PHR to-inf

efer (defers, deferring, deferred) 1. If you defer an event or action, you arrange
for it to happen at a later date, rather than immediately or at the previously
planned time. Customers often defer payment for as long as possible... VERB:
V n/-ing = postpone, delay 2. If you defer to someone, you accept their opinion
or do what they want you to do, even when you do not agree with it yourself,
because you respect them or their authority. Doctors are encouraged to defer
to experts. VERB: V to n

balance (balances, balancing, balanced) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500
most common words in English. 1. If you balance something somewhere, or if it
balances there, it remains steady and does not fall. I balanced on the ledge...
He balanced a football on his head. VERB: V prep/adv, V n prep/adv 2. Balance
is the ability to remain steady when you are standing up. The medicines you are
currently taking could be affecting your balance. N-UNCOUNT 3. If you balance
one thing with something different, each
of the things has the same strength or importance. Balance spicy dishes with
mild ones... The state has got to find some way to balance these two needs...
Supply and demand on the currency market will generally balance. V-RECIP: V n
with n, V pl-n, pl-n V, also V with n ∙ balanced This book is a well balanced
biography. ADJ: usu adv ADJ 4. A balance is a situation in which all the different
parts are equal in strength or importance. Their marriage is a delicate balance
between traditional and contemporary
values... ...the ecological balance of the forest. N-SING: with supp, oft N between
pl-n 5. If you say that the balance tips in your favour, you start winning or
succeeding, especially in a conflict or contest. ...a powerful new gun which
could tip the balance of the war in their favour... N-SING: the N 6. If you balance
one thing against another, you consider its importance in relation to the other
one. She carefully tried to balance religious sensitivities against democratic
freedom. VERB: V n against n 7.
If someone balances their budget or if a government balances the economy of a
country, they make sure that the amount of money that is spent is not greater
than the amount that is received. He balanced his budgets by rigid control over
public expenditure. VERB: V n 8. If you balance your books or make them balance,
you prove by calculation that the amount of money you have received is equal
to the amount that you have spent. ...teaching them to balance the books... To
make the books balance, spending must fall
and taxes must rise. VERB: V n, V 9. The balance in your bank account is the
amount of money you have in it. I’d like to check the balance in my account
please. N-COUNT: usu with supp 10. The balance of an amount of money is what
remains to be paid for something or what remains when part of the amount has
been spent. They were due to pay the balance on delivery. N-SING: the N = remainder
11. see also bank balance 12. If something hangs in the balance, it is uncertain
whether it will happen or continue.
The fate of a project which could revolutionise the use of computers in hospitals
hangs in the balance. PHRASE: PHR after v, v-link PHR 13. If you keep your balance,
for example when standing in a moving vehicle, you remain steady and do not fall
over. If you lose your balance, you become unsteady and fall over. PHRASE: V
inflects 14. If you are off balance, you are in an unsteady position and about
to fall. A gust of wind knocked him off balance and he fell face down in the
mud. PHRASE: PHR after v, v-link
PHR 15. If you are thrown off balance by something, you are surprised or confused
by it. She was trying to behave as if his visit hadn’t thrown her off balance.
PHRASE: PHR after v 16. You can say on balance to indicate that you are stating
an opinion after considering all the relevant facts or arguments. On balance
he agreed with Christine. PHRASE: PHR with cl

proceed (proceeds proceeding, proceeded) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000
most common words in English. 1. If you proceed to do something, you do it, often
after doing something else first. He proceeded to tell me of my birth... VERB:
V to-inf 2. If you proceed with a course of action, you continue with it. ( FORMAL
) The group proceeded with a march they knew would lead to bloodshed... The trial
has been delayed until November because the defence is not ready to proceed.
VERB: V with n, V 3. If an activity,
process, or event proceeds, it goes on and does not stop. The ideas were not
new. Their development had proceeded steadily since the war... VERB: V 4. If
you proceed in a particular direction, you go in that direction. ( FORMAL ) She
climbed the steps and proceeded along the upstairs hallway... The freighter was
allowed to proceed after satisfying them that it was not breaking sanctions.
VERB: V prep/adv, V = continue 5. The proceeds of an event or activity are the
money that has been obtained from it. N-PLURAL:
the N, oft the N of/from n

grant (grants, granting, granted) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most
common words in English. 1. A grant is an amount of money that a government or
other institution gives to an individual or to an organization for a particular
purpose such as education or home improvements. They’d got a special grant
to encourage research... Unfortunately, my application for a grant was rejected.
N-COUNT 2. If someone in authority grants you something, or if something is granted
to you, you are allowed to have
it. ( FORMAL ) France has agreed to grant him political asylum... It was a Labour
government which granted independence to India and Pakistan... Permission was
granted a few weeks ago. VERB: V n n, V n to n, be V-ed = give 3. If you grant
that something is true, you accept that it is true, even though your opinion
about it does not change. The magistrates granted that the charity was justified
in bringing the action. VERB: V that ∙ You use ‘I grant you’
or ‘I’ll grant you’
to say that you accept something is true, even though your opinion about it does
not change. He took a risk, I’ll grant you. But when you think about it,
the risk was pretty small... PHRASE: oft PHR that 4. If you say that someone
takes you for granted, you are complaining that they benefit from your help,
efforts, or presence without showing that they are grateful. The officials felt
taken for granted and grumbled loudly. PHRASE: take inflects 5. If you take something
for granted, you believe that it
is true or accept it as normal without thinking about it. I was amazed that virtually
all the things I took for granted up north just didn’t happen in London.
PHRASE: take inflects 6. If you take it for granted that something is the case,
you believe that it is true or you accept it as normal without thinking about
it. He seemed to take it for granted that he should speak as a representative.
PHRASE: take inflects, PHR that

whereby A system or action whereby something happens is one that makes that thing
happen. ( FORMAL ) ...the system whereby Britons choose their family doctors
and the government pays those doctors... They voted to accept a deal whereby
the union will receive nearly three-quarters of a million pounds from the International
Miners Organisation. PRON

overdraft (overdrafts) If you have an overdraft, you have spent more money than
you have in your bank account, and so you are in debt to the bank. N-COUNT

custody 1. Custody is the legal right to keep and look after a child, especially
the right given to a child’s mother or father when they get divorced. I’m
going to go to court to get custody of the children... Child custody is normally
granted to the mother. N-UNCOUNT: oft N of n 2. Someone who is in custody or
has been taken into custody has been arrested and is being kept in prison until
they can be tried in a court. Three people appeared in court and two of them
were remanded in custody... She
was taken into custody later that day. PHRASE: PHR after v 3. If someone is being
held in a particular type of custody, they are being kept in a place that is
similar to a prison. Barrett was taken into protective custody. N-UNCOUNT: usu
with supp

acquire (acquires, acquiring, acquired) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000
most common words in English. 1. If you acquire something, you buy or obtain
it for yourself, or someone gives it to you. ( FORMAL ) General Motors acquired
a 50% stake in Saab for about $400m... I recently acquired some wood from a holly
tree... VERB: V n, V n from n 2. If you acquire something such as a skill or
a habit, you learn it, or develop it through your daily life or experience. I’ve
never acquired a taste for wine...
VERB: V n 3. If someone or something acquires a certain reputation, they start
to have that reputation. He has acquired a reputation as this country’s
premier solo violinist. VERB: V n 4. If you describe something as an acquired
taste, you mean that a lot of people do not like it when they first experience
it, but often start to like it more when they get to know it better. Broad beans
are very much an acquired taste... PHRASE: usu v-link PHR

rate (rates, rating, rated) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common
words in English. 1. The rate at which something happens is the speed with which
it happens. The rate at which hair grows can be agonisingly slow... The world’s
tropical forests are disappearing at an even faster rate than experts had thought.
N-COUNT: with supp 2. The rate at which something happens is the number of times
it happens over a period of time. New diet books appear at a rate of nearly one
a week... His heart rate
was 30 beats per minute slower... N-COUNT: with supp 3. A rate is the amount
of money that is charged for goods or services. Calls cost 36p per minute cheap
rate and 48p at all other times. ...specially reduced rates for travellers using
Gatwick Airport... N-COUNT: with supp see also exchange rate 4. The rate of taxation
or interest is the amount of tax or interest that needs to be paid. It is expressed
as a percentage of the amount that is earned, gained as profit, or borrowed.
( BUSINESS ) The government
insisted that it would not be panicked into interest rate cuts. N-COUNT: with
supp 5. If you rate someone or something as good or bad, you consider them to
be good or bad. You can also say that someone or something rates as good or bad.
Of all the men in the survey, they rate themselves the least fun-loving and the
most responsible... Most rated it a hit... We rate him as one of the best...
She rated the course highly... Reading books does not rate highly among Britons
as a leisure activity. ...the most highly
rated player in English football. VERB: no cont, V n adj, V n n, V n as n/adj,
V n adv, V adv prep, V-ed 6. If you rate someone or something, you think that
they are good. ( mainly BRIT INFORMAL ) It’s flattering to know that other
clubs have shown interest and seem to rate me... VERB: V n 7. If someone or something
is rated at a particular position or rank, they are calculated or considered
to be in that position on a list. He is generally rated Italy’s No. 3 industrialist...
He came here rated
100th on the tennis computer. V-PASSIVE: no cont, be V-ed n, be V-ed ord 8. If
you say that someone or something rates a particular reaction, you mean that
this is the reaction you consider to be appropriate. This is so extraordinary,
it rates a medal and a phone call from the President... VERB: no cont, V n =
merit 9. see also rating 10. You use at any rate to indicate that what you have
just said might be incorrect or unclear in some way, and that you are now being
more precise. She modestly suggests that
‘sex, or at any rate gender, may account for the difference’... PHRASE:
PHR with cl 11. You use at any rate to indicate that the important thing is what
you are saying now, and not what was said before. Well, at any rate, let me thank
you for all you did. PHRASE: PHR with cl 12. If you say that at this rate something
bad or extreme will happen, you mean that it will happen if things continue to
develop as they have been doing. At this rate they’d be lucky to get home
before eight-thirty or
nine. PHRASE: PHR with cl

supplant (supplants, supplanting, supplanted) If a person or thing is supplanted,
another person or thing takes their place. ( FORMAL ) He may be supplanted by
a younger man... By the 1930s the wristwatch had almost completely supplanted
the pocket watch. VERB: be V-ed, V n = usurp

fund (funds, funding, funded) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common
words in English. 1. Funds are amounts of money that are available to be spent,
especially money that is given to an organization or person for a particular
purpose. The concert will raise funds for research into Aids. ...government funds.
N-PLURAL see also fund-raising 2. A fund is an amount of money that is collected
or saved for a particular purpose. ...a scholarship fund for undergraduate engineering
students. N-COUNT: oft n
N see also trust fund 3. When a person or organization funds something, they
provide money for it. The airport is being privately funded by a construction
group. ...a new privately funded scheme. VERB: V n, V-ed = finance ∙ -funded
...government-funded institutions. COMB in ADJ 4. If you have a fund of something,
you have a lot of it. He is possessed of an extraordinary fund of energy. N-COUNT:
N of n

fairly Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English. 1.
Fairly means to quite a large degree. For example, if you say that something
is fairly old, you mean that it is old but not very old. Both ships are fairly
new... We did fairly well but only fairly well. ADV: ADV adj/adv = quite 2. You
use fairly instead of ‘very’ to add emphasis to an adjective or adverb
without making it sound too forceful. Were you always fairly bright at school?...
I’ll have no income and no
home and will need a job fairly badly. ADV: ADV adj/adv [vagueness] = pretty
3. see also fair

withdraw (withdraws, withdrawing, withdrew, withdrawn) Frequency: The word is
one of the 1500 most common words in English. 1. If you withdraw something from
a place, you remove it or take it away. ( FORMAL ) He reached into his pocket
and withdrew a sheet of notepaper... Cassandra withdrew her hand from Roger’s.
VERB: V n, V n from n = remove 2. When groups of people such as troops withdraw
or when someone withdraws them, they leave the place where they are fighting
or where they are based and return
nearer home. He stated that all foreign forces would withdraw as soon as the
crisis ended... Unless Hitler withdrew his troops from Poland by 11 o’clock
that morning, a state of war would exist between Great Britain and Germany...
Troops withdrew from the north east of the country last March. VERB: V, V n from
n, V from n, also V to n 3. If you withdraw money from a bank account, you take
it out of that account. Open a savings account that does not charge ridiculous
fees to withdraw money... They withdrew
100 dollars from a bank account after checking out of their hotel. VERB: V n,
V n from n 4. If you withdraw from an activity or organization, you stop taking
part in it. The African National Congress threatened to withdraw from the talks.
VERB: V from n, also V 5. If you withdraw a remark or statement that you have
made, you say that you want people to ignore it. ( FORMAL ) He withdrew his remarks
and explained what he had meant to say. VERB: V n = retract

surplus (surpluses) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words
in English. 1. If there is a surplus of something, there is more than is needed.
Germany suffers from a surplus of teachers. N-VAR 2. Surplus is used to describe
something that is extra or that is more than is needed. Few people have large
sums of surplus cash... The houses are being sold because they are surplus to
requirements. ADJ: usu ADJ n, also v-link ADJ to n 3. If a country has a trade
surplus, it exports more than it imports.
Japan’s annual trade surplus is in the region of 100 billion dollars. N-COUNT:
usu n N 4. If a government has a budget surplus, it has spent less than it received
in taxes. Norway’s budget surplus has fallen from 5.9% in 1986 to an expected
0.1% this year. N-COUNT: usu n N

cash (cashes, cashing, cashed) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common
words in English. 1. Cash is money in the form of notes and coins rather than
cheques. ...two thousand pounds in cash. N-UNCOUNT see also hard cash , petty
cash 2. Cash means the same as money, especially money which is immediately available.
( INFORMAL ) ...a state-owned financial-services group with plenty of cash. N-UNCOUNT
= money 3. If you cash a cheque, you exchange it at a bank for the amount of
money that it is worth.
There are similar charges if you want to cash a cheque at a branch other than
your own. VERB: V n

stock (stocks, stocking, stocked) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most
common words in English. 1. Stocks are shares in the ownership of a company,
or investments on which a fixed amount of interest will be paid. ( BUSINESS )
...the buying and selling of stocks and shares... N-COUNT: usu pl 2. A company’s
stock is the amount of money which the company has through selling shares. (
BUSINESS ) Two years later, when Compaq went public, their stock was valued at
$38 million... N-UNCOUNT: usu poss N
3. If a shop stocks particular goods, it keeps a supply of them to sell. The
shop stocks everything from cigarettes to recycled loo paper. VERB: no cont,
V n 4. A shop’s stock is the total amount of goods which it has available
to sell. We took the decision to withdraw a quantity of stock from sale. N-UNCOUNT
5. If you stock something such as a cupboard, shelf, or room, you fill it with
food or other things. I worked stocking shelves in a grocery store... Some families
stocked their cellars with food
and water... The kitchen cupboard was stocked with tins of soup. VERB: V n, V
n with n, V-ed ∙ Stock up means the same as stock . I had to stock the
boat up with food... Start planning for Christmas now by stocking up the freezer
with some festive dishes. PHRASAL VERB: V n P with n, V P n (not pron) with n
6. If you have a stock of things, you have a supply of them stored in a place
ready to be used. Stocks of ammunition were running low. N-COUNT: with supp,
usu N of n 7. The stock of something is the
total amount of it that is available in a particular area. ( mainly BRIT ) ...the
stock of accommodation available to be rented. N-SING: with supp 8. If you are
from a particular stock, you are descended from a particular group of people.
( FORMAL ) We are both from working class stock. N-UNCOUNT: usu supp N 9. Stock
are cattle, sheep, pigs, or other animals which are kept by a farmer, usually
ones which have been specially bred. I am carefully selecting the breeding stock...
N-PLURAL = livestock 10. A stock
answer, expression, or way of doing something is one that is very commonly used,
especially because people cannot be bothered to think of something new. My boss
had a stock response–‘If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it!’...
ADJ: ADJ n = standard 11. Stock is a liquid, usually made by boiling meat, bones,
or vegetables in water, that is used to give flavour to soups and sauces. N-MASS
12. see also stocking , laughing stock , rolling stock 13. If goods are in stock,
a shop has them available
to sell. If they are out of stock, it does not. Check that your size is in stock...
Lemon and lime juice were both temporarily out of stock. PHRASE: usu v-link PHR
14. If you take stock, you pause to think about all the aspects of a situation
or event before deciding what to do next. It was time to take stock of the situation...
PHRASE: V inflects, usu PHR of n 15. lock, stock, and barrel: see barrel

check (checks, checking, checked) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most
common words in English. 1. If you check something such as a piece of information
or a document, you make sure that it is correct or satisfactory. Check the accuracy
of everything in your CV... I think there is an age limit, but I’d have
to check... She hadn’t checked whether she had a clean ironed shirt...
He checked that he had his room key... I shall need to check with the duty officer.
VERB: V n, V, V wh, V that, V
with n see also cross-check ∙ Check is also a noun. He is being constantly
monitored with regular checks on his blood pressure. ...a security check. N-COUNT:
usu with supp 2. If you check on someone or something, you make sure they are
in a safe or satisfactory condition. He decided to check on things at the warehouse.
VERB: V on n 3. If you check something that is written on a piece of paper, you
put a mark, like a V with the right side extended, next to it to show that something
is correct or has been
selected or dealt with. ( AM; in BRIT, usually use tick ) Frequently, men who
check answer (b) have not actually had the experience of being repeatedly rejected
by women. VERB: V n 4. To check something, usually something bad, means to stop
it from spreading or continuing. Sex education is also expected to help check
the spread of AIDS. VERB: V n = curb 5. If you check yourself or if something
checks you, you suddenly stop what you are doing or saying. He was about to lose
his temper but checked himself in
time... I held up one finger to check him. VERB: V pron-refl, V n 6. When you
check your luggage at an airport, you give it to an official so that it can be
taken on to your plane. We arrived at the airport, checked our baggage and wandered
around the gift shops... VERB: V n ∙ To check in your luggage means the
same as to check it. They checked in their luggage and found seats in the departure
lounge. PHRASAL VERB: V P n (not pron), also V n P 7. The check in a restaurant
is a piece of paper on which
the price of your meal is written and which you are given before you pay. ( mainly
AM; in BRIT, use bill ) N-COUNT = bill 8. In a game of chess, you say check when
you are attacking your opponent’s king. CONVENTION 9. A pattern of squares,
usually of two colours, can be referred to as checks or a check. Styles include
stripes and checks. ...a red and white check dress. N-COUNT: oft N n 10. If something
or someone is held in check or is kept in check, they are controlled and prevented
from becoming too
great or powerful. Life on Earth will become unsustainable unless population
growth is held in check... PHRASE: V inflects 11. A check is the same as a cheque
. ( AM ) 12. see also double-check , rain check , spot check

depend (depends, depending, depended) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500
most common words in English. 1. If you say that one thing depends on another,
you mean that the first thing will be affected or determined by the second. The
cooking time needed depends on the size of the potato... How much it costs depends
upon how much you buy. VERB: V on/upon n, V on/upon wh 2. If you depend on someone
or something, you need them in order to be able to survive physically, financially,
or emotionally. He depended
on his writing for his income... Choosing the right account depends on working
out your likely average balance. VERB: V on/upon n/-ing, V on/upon n/-ing = rely
3. If you can depend on a person, organization, or law, you know that they will
support you or help you when you need them. ‘You can depend on me,’
Cross assured him. VERB: V on/upon n = rely 4. You use depend in expressions
such as it depends to indicate that you cannot give a clear answer to a question
because the answer will be affected
or determined by other factors. ‘But how long can you stay in the house?’
— ‘I don’t know. It depends.’... It all depends on your
definition of punk, doesn’t it? VERB: it/that V, it V on n/wh 5. You use
depending on when you are saying that something varies according to the circumstances
mentioned. I tend to have a different answer, depending on the family... PREP-PHRASE:
PREP n/wh

transaction (transactions) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common
words in English. A transaction is a piece of business, for example an act of
buying or selling something. ( FORMAL ) N-COUNT

liability (liabilities) 1. If you say that someone or something is a liability,
you mean that they cause a lot of problems or embarrassment. As the president’s
prestige continues to fall, they’re clearly beginning to consider him a
liability. ...what was once a vote catching policy, is now a political liability.
N-COUNT: usu sing 2. A company’s or organization’s liabilities are
the sums of money which it owes. ( BUSINESS or LEGAL ) The company had assets
of $138 million and liabilities
of $120.5 million. N-COUNT: usu pl ? asset 3. see also liable

since Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English. 1.
You use since when you are mentioning a time or event in the past and indicating
that a situation has continued from then until now. Jacques Arnold has been a
member of parliament since 1987... She had a sort of breakdown some years ago,
and since then she has been very shy... I’ve been here since the end of
June. PREP ∙ Since is also an adverb. When we first met, we had a row,
and we have rowed frequently ever since...
ADV: ADV with v ∙ Since is also a conjunction. I’ve earned my own
living since I was seven, doing all kinds of jobs. CONJ 2. You use since to mention
a time or event in the past when you are describing an event or situation that
has happened after that time. The percentage increase in reported crime in England
and Wales this year is the highest since the war... He turned out to have more
battles with the Congress than any president since Andrew Johnson. PREP ∙
Since is also a conjunction.
So much has changed in the sport since I was a teenager... Since I have become
a mother, the sound of children’s voices has lost its charm. CONJ 3. When
you are talking about an event or situation in the past, you use since to indicate
that another event happened at some point later in time. About six thousand people
were arrested, several hundred of whom have since been released... ADV: ADV with
v 4. If you say that something has long since happened, you mean that it happened
a long time ago. Even though
her parents have long since died, she still talks about them in the present tense.
PHRASE: PHR with v 5. You use since to introduce reasons or explanations. I’m
forever on a diet, since I put on weight easily... CONJ = as

increase (increased) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words
in English. 1. If something increases or you increase it, it becomes greater
in number, level, or amount. The population continues to increase... Japan’s
industrial output increased by 2%... The company has increased the price of its
cars... VERB: V, V by/from/to amount, V n ? decrease 2. If there is an increase
in the number, level, or amount of something, it becomes greater. ...a sharp
increase in productivity... N-COUNT: oft
N in n, N of amount = rise ? decrease 3. If something is on the increase, it
is happening more often or becoming greater in number or intensity. Crime is
on the increase. PHRASE: v-link PHR

extent Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English. 1.
If you are talking about how great, important, or serious a difficulty or situation
is, you can refer to the extent of it. The government itself has little information
on the extent of industrial pollution... The full extent of the losses was disclosed
yesterday. N-SING: with supp, usu the N of n 2. The extent of something is its
length, area, or size. Their commitment was only to maintain the extent of forests,
not their biodiversity.
N-SING: with supp, usu the N of n 3. You use expressions such as to a large extent,
to some extent, or to a certain extent in order to indicate that something is
partly true, but not entirely true. It was and, to a large extent, still is a
good show... To some extent this was the truth... PHRASE: PHR with cl [vagueness]
4. You use expressions such as to what extent, to that extent, or to the extent
that when you are discussing how true a statement is, or in what ways it is true.
It’s still not clear to
what extent this criticism is originating from within the ruling party... To
that extent they helped bring about their own destruction... PHRASE [vagueness]
5. You use expressions such as to the extent of, to the extent that, or to such
an extent that in order to emphasize that a situation has reached a difficult,
dangerous, or surprising stage. He said he didn’t like the president, but
not to the extent of wanting to kill him... PHRASE [emphasis]

giro also Giro (giros) 1. In Britain, a giro or a giro cheque is a cheque that
is given by the government to a person who is unemployed or ill. He lived on
an invalidity pension which came as a weekly giro. N-COUNT 2. Giro is a system
in which banks and post offices transfer money directly from one bank account
to another using computers. ( BRIT ) There will be no further costs as long as
the bank is part of the giro network. N-UNCOUNT

effect (effects, effecting, effected) Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most
common words in English. 1. The effect of one thing on another is the change
that the first thing causes in the second thing. Parents worry about the effect
of music on their adolescent’s behavior... Even minor head injuries can
cause long-lasting psychological effects. N-VAR: oft N of/on n, N of -ing, adj
N 2. An effect is an impression that someone creates deliberately, for example
in a place or in a piece of writing. The
whole effect is cool, light and airy. N-COUNT = impression 3. A person’s
effects are the things that they have with them at a particular time, for example
when they are arrested or admitted to hospital, or the things that they owned
when they died. ( FORMAL ) His daughters were collecting his effects. N-PLURAL:
with poss = belongings 4. The effects in a film are the specially created sounds
and scenery. N-PLURAL 5. If you effect something that you are trying to achieve,
you succeed in causing it to happen.
( FORMAL ) Prospects for effecting real political change seemed to have taken
a major step backwards. VERB: V n 6. see also greenhouse effect , placebo effect
, ripple effect , side-effect , sound effect , special effect 7. If you say that
someone is doing something for effect, you mean that they are doing it in order
to impress people and to draw attention to themselves. The Cockney accent was
put on for effect. PHRASE: PHR after v 8. You add in effect to a statement or
opinion that is not precisely accurate,
but which you feel is a reasonable description or summary of a particular situation.
That deal would create, in effect, the world’s biggest airline. PHRASE:
PHR with cl [vagueness] = effectively 9. If you put, bring, or carry a plan or
idea into effect, you cause it to happen in practice. These and other such measures
ought to have been put into effect in 1985. PHRASE: V inflects = implement 10.
If a law or policy takes effect or comes into effect at a particular time, it
officially begins to apply or
be valid from that time. If it remains in effect, it still applies or is still
valid. ...the ban on new logging permits which will take effect from July...
The decision was taken yesterday and will remain in effect until further government
instructions. PHRASE: V inflects 11. You can say that something takes effect
when it starts to produce the results that are intended. The second injection
should only have been given once the first drug had taken effect... PHRASE: V
inflects 12. You use effect in expressions
such as to good effect and to no effect in order to indicate how successful or
impressive an action is. Mr Morris feels the museum is using advertising to good
effect... PHRASE: PHR after v 13. You use to this effect, to that effect, or
to the effect that to indicate that you have given or are giving a summary of
something that was said or written, and not the actual words used. A circular
to this effect will be issued in the next few weeks... PHRASE: n PHR 14. If you
say that something will happen with immediate
effect or with effect from a particular time, you mean that it will begin to
apply or be valid immediately or from the stated time. ( BRIT mainly FORMAL )
The price of the Saturday edition is going up with effect from 3 November. PHRASE:
PHR after v 15. cause and effect: see cause

payee (payees) The payee of a cheque or similar document is the person who should
receive the money. ( FORMAL ) N-COUNT: usu sing