Деловой английский- расширяем активный словарный запас

Topic
4.1
Sustainable Development - Ethical Consumerism
∙ ethical consumer (ethical consumers) N-COUNT
Consumers who choose not to buy products from certain companies for moral reasons,
for example because a company harms the environment or uses child labour, are
sometimes called ethical consumers.
A passionate supporter of animal welfare, she too refuses to purchase anything
that could possibly be connected with cruelty. Both are examples of a burgeoning
group - ethical consumers.
∙  business ethics N-PLURAL
Business ethics are the moral beliefs and rules about right and wrong that are
involved in business.
Business ethics are coming to the forefront of the agenda.
Companies are seeing that their activities have important social
and ethical implications.
∙  social responsibility N-UNCOUNT
Social responsibility is the duty that some people feel companies have to behave
in a correct and proper way, for example towards their workers and the local
community. All businesses have a wider social responsibility and are answerable
to more than just their shareholders.
∙ co-operative (co-operatives) N-COUNT
A co-operative is a business or organization run by the people who work for it,
or owned by the people who use it. These people share its benefits and profits.
The restaurant is run as a co-operative.
Oxfam aids small farming co-operatives to improve their yields
significantly.
Common Collocations
co-operative      a workers' co-operative
a housin
a co-operative spcje
a co-operative movement
∙  sweatshop (sweatshops) N-COUNT
If you describe a small factory as a sweatshop, you mean that many people work
there in poor conditions for low pay. ...the dingy, hidden world of garment sweatshops.
...a product that was made with child labor or in a sweatshop.
∙  child labour N-UNCOUNT
Child labour is the use of children as workers in industry. Past attempts to
ban child worked. ... a boycott of goods made with child labour.
r in various industries have not
∙ developed ADJ First World N-PROPER
If you talk about developed countries or the developed
world, you mean the countries or the parts of the world that are wealthy and
have many industries. The most prosperous and industrialized parts of the world
are sometimes referred to as the First World.
Life expectancy in the developed world has doubled. Although South Africa has
many of the attributes of the first world - some good infrastructure, millions
of rich people, few world-class companies, hospitals and universities - it is
:: not part of that world. ... wealthy First World countries.
∙ developing ADI Third World N-PROPER
If you talk about developing countries or the developing world, you mean the
countries or the parts of the world tha: ;∙» poor and have few industries.
Together the countries of Africa Asia, and South America are sometimes referred
to as the Third World, especially those parts that are poor, do not have m~:~
power, and are not considered to be highly developed.
In the developing world cigarette consumption is increasing.
The only developing country with large foreign reserves is
Taiwan.
As the cities of the Third World expand, there is little hope tr —
their governments' public health systems can cope.
 ... a campaign to cancel Third World debt.
∙  GDP (GDPs) N-VAR
In economics, a country's GDP is the total value of goods ar -services produced
within a country in a year, not including its income from investments in other
countries. GDP is an abbreviation for 'gross domestic product'.
He said that in time the UK would match the European average
spend on health which is 8 per cent of GDP.
∙ per capita
Ш ADJ
The per capita amount of something is the total amount of it in a country or
area divided by the number of people in that country or area. Per capita means
'per person'.
They have the world's largest per capita income.
Per capita С DP in the richer economies is 74 times that of the
poorest.
i ADV
If something occurs at a certain rate per capita, it occurs at a rate calculated
by dividing the total number of times it occurs in a particular country or area
by the number of people in that country or area. Per capita means 'per person'.
Ethiopia has almost the lowest oil consumption per capita in the
world.
This year Americans will eat about 40% more fresh apples per
capita than the Japanese.
Common Collocations
per capita spending            per capita consumption
to cjc> something on a per capita basis
3 GIMP: Topic 4.5
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Topic 4.2          Sustainable Development - Corporate Responsibility
∙ corporate responsibility (corporate responsibilities) N-VAR
Corporate responsibility is the sense of responsibility that a company considers
it has towards things such as the local community and the environment.
The European Commission last week published a Green Paper on corporate responsibility
designed to create a framework to combine profit generation with social accountability.
While the company is keen to develop its operations in Xinjiang, for example
through greater emphasis on training and communication, it is mindful of its
corporate responsibilities in the area.
∙ trading relationship (trading relationships)
N-COUNT
If two countries or businesses have a trading relationship with each other, they
trade with each other on a regular basis. Mr Palaszczuk did not believe New Zealand's
actions would affect the close trading relationship between the two countries,
he said.
Euro-zone companies will find it relatively easier, says Oxford's Mr Taylor,
to develop trading relationships with each other than with British ones.
∙ sustainable ADJ
You use sustainable to describe the use of natural resources when this use is
kept at a steady level that is not likely to damage the environment. You also
use sustainable to describe a business that is able to continue at a steady level
without the need to invest more money in it or to develop new markets.
 ... the management, conservation and sustainable development
of forests.
Try to buy wood that you know has come from a sustainable
source.
The strategy behind the programme is about aggreggting a
range of services into the one centre to create a commercially
sustainable business.
Further, operating without a domestic source of supply in o
major market like the USA was not and is not a sustainable
business model.
Common Collocations
ecologically sustainable     environmentally sustainable sustainable development
  sustainable growth sustainable agriculture
∙  ethical policy (ethical policies) N-COUNT
A company's ethical policy is the policy it adopts on ethical issues such as
the use of child labour and matters relating to the environment.
 ...a clearly stated ethical policy that covers human rights, the arms trade,
fair trade, the environment and animal welfare. The Co-op Bank's ethical policy
stretches to who it does business with. It will not, for example, accept money
from fox hunts.
∙  social cost (social costs) N-COUNT social benefit (social benefits)
N-COUNT
The social costs of a policy or scheme are the undesirable effects it is likely
to have on society, such as an increase in cr -«,, unemployment, or pollution.
The social benefits of a pol : scheme are the desirable effects it is likely
to have on society, such as a reduction in crime, unemployment, or pollution.
'Is it worth the human and social cost of closing down a ra;.-. r line because
it is not competitive?' the spokesman said. Yet there are heavy social costs
to neglecting the countryside, including
crowded, car-dogged cities and high urban unemployment.
Sheltered accommodation can produce an additional social benefit by re-housing
older people from general and council housing, thus freeing accommodation for
homeless people. ...the social benefits of transport investment.
∙ non-profit-making ADI
A non-profit-making organization or charity is not run with the intention of
making a profit, [mainly BRIT).
 ...the Film Theatre Foundation, a non-profit-making compar
which raises money for the arts.
∙ environmental impact (environmental impacts) N-VAR
The environmental impact of a scheme or product is the environmental effect the
scheme or product is likely to have example an increase in pollution or a loss
of natural habitats.
 ...o scientific adviser whose role was to assess the project's
environmental impact.
That there would be some environmental impact in the form at
traffic congestion was undeniable.
∙  social audit (social audits) N-COUNT
If a company carries out a social audit, it analyses the social costs and social
benefits of its operations in order to measure their success.
Some argue that banks should be forced to offer services to poc r people and
carry out a social audit before closing a branch. Camelot, the much criticised
lottery operator, is putting itself through a social audit to try to come to
terms with its critics.
∙ exploitative ADJ
If you describe something as exploitative, you disapprove of it because it treats
people unfairly by using their work or ideas for its own advantage, and giving
them very little in return.
The expansion of Western capitalism incorporated the Third
World into an exploitative world system.
No-one knows how far sustainable and non-exploitative practice:
could go towards providing food, water, shelter and work for the
world's people.
Z> stakeholder: Topic 2.3; regulation: Topic 3.2; Third World:Topic 4.1; shareholder:
Topic 7.2; supplier: , Topic 12.2
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Sustainable Development - Business Environment
∙  availability of labour N-UNCOUNT
If you talk about the availability of labour for a particular task, you mean
whether or not there are enough workers available to do that task.
Obviously, the benefits of producing in this country are low labour costs and
rentals as well as the availability of labour. ...the eminently sound principle
that land should be parceled out according to the availability of labor to cultivate
it.
∙  raw materials N-PLURAL
Raw materials are materials that are in their natural state, before they are
processed or used in manufacturing.
,,. the ships bringing the raw materials for the ever-expanding
textile industry.
Back in 1900, the UK imported raw materials such as raw
cotton, wool and silk, and converted them into basic
manufactured products for export.
Villages became associated with different trades, depending on
the availability of raw materials in the area.
∙  labour costs N-PLURAL
A company's labour costs are the money it spends on wages and social security
benefits for its employees.
In Sri Lanka, the labour costs are about a tenth of those in the
UK.
We know, too, that America's companies are watching their
profits shrivel in the face of a slowing economy, rising labour
costs and soaring energy prices.
 
Common Collocations
low labour costs                   high labour costs
rising labour costs                to hold down labour costs
to drive down labour costs to keep down labour costs
∙  green ADJ
Green issues and political movements relate to or are concerned with the protection
of the environment.
The company offers advice on a host of green issues - from council waste strategies
to nuclear-waste disposal, to recycling and climate change.
The power of the Creen movement in Germany has made that country a leader in
the drive to recycle more waste materials.
∙ infrastructure (infrastructures) N-VAR
The infrastructure of a country, society, or organization consists of the basic
facilities such as transport, communications, power supplies, and buildings,
which enable it to function.
The infrastructure, from hotels to transport, is old and decrepit.
Roads, bridges and other infrastructure have been washed away
in the incessant rains.
Common Collocations
transport infrastructure telecommunications infrastructure information infrastructure
an infrastructure project infrastructure investment
∙  political stability N-UNCOUNT
If there is political stability in a country, there is a stable government or
political system.
Even though political stability is a major factor in attracting
investment, politicians never get any credit.
 ... fears over the political stability of Russia.
∙  income distribution N-UNCOUNT
The income distribution in a particular country or area is the way in which the
amount of money being earned varies betwee-different groups of people.
In Britain too, research by the Institute of Fiscal Studies confirm a similar
change in income distribution, in which the rich have become richer, while the
poor have become poorer. ...a report on income distribution in OECD countries.
∙  inflation N-UNCOUNT
Inflation is a general increase in the prices of goods and services in a country.
 ...rising unemployment and high inflation.
 ...an inflation rate of only 2.2%.
∙ factors of production N-PLURAL
An industry's factors of production are the things that it needs in order to
produce a particular product, such as land, workers, and capital.
The natural rates of output and employment depend on the
supply of factors of production and technology.
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Topic 4.4         Sustainable Development - Fair Trade
∙  developing ADJ
If you talk about developing countries or the developing world, you mean the
countries or the parts of the world that are poor and have few industries.
In the developing world cigarette consumption is increasing.
The only developing country with large foreign reserves is
Taiwan.
∙ world market N-SINC world market prices N-PLURAL
The world market for a product is all the people throughout the world who wish
to buy that product. World market prices are the prices paid for something internationally,
ignoring any tariffs or subsidies imposed by particular countries.
The lucrative world market for video game consoles is now
dominated by three rival Japanese products.
The three biggest US fruit companies - Dole, Chiquita Brands
and Del Monte - control about 66 per cent of the world market.
, ..steep rises in fuel prices on the world market.
Beginning in 1981, world market prices for farm products and
industrial raw materials collapsed.
Moreover, said the Bank, the farmers would benefit greatly if the
nuts were exported at world market prices.
∙  commodity (commodities) N-COUNT
A commodity is something that is sold for money.
The government increased prices on several basic commodities. ...12 months of
increasing commodity prices.
∙ fair trade N-UNCOUNT fairly-traded ADJ
Fair trade is the practice of buying goods directly from producers in developing
countries at a fair price. Fairly-traded products are bought from producers in
developing countries at a fair price.
More than five per cent of all roast and ground coffee sold in
Britain is now fair trade.
Andy Cood, from the Edinburgh-based fair trade company Equal
Exchange, agrees that we should not underestimate the current
impact of the fair trade movement.
Oxfam's food and handicrafts have always been fairly-traded.
∙  Fairtrade mark N-SINC
In Britain, the Fairtrade mark is a sign that is placed on the packaging of products
to show that the product has been bought at a fair price, usually from producers
in developing countries.
The cocoa beans are grown organically in Belize by Maya Indians. It carries the
Fairtrade Mark, and it tastes delicious. If you see the Fairtrade mark on a product
you will know that a reasonable price has been paid to the people producing it
and that the supplier is not exploiting them.
∙ free trade N-UNCOUNT
Free trade is international trade that is free of government restrictions, for
example in the form of import quotas or expc-subsidies.
Both want cuts in tariffs on industrial goods, and more free :-ui
in agriculture and services.
 ... barriers to free trade.
Common Collocations
a free trade agreement      a free trade area a free trade zone
∙  cash crop (cash crops) N-COUNT
A cash crop is a crop that is grown in order to be sold. Cranberries have become
a major cash crop. The weather has also affected around twelve-thousand acres
& banana plantations - Costa Rica's principal cash crop.
∙  producer (producers) N-COUNT grower (growers) N-COUNT
A producer of a food or material is a company or country thai grows or manufactures
a large amount of it. A grower is a person who grows large quantities of a particular
plant or crop in order to sell them.
The estate is generally a producer of high quality wines.
 ...Saudi Arabia, the world's leading oil producer.
England's apple growers are fighting an uphill battle against
foreign competition.
 ...a former coca grower in Bolivia's Chapare valley.
Z> sweatshop:Topic 4.1; corporate responsibility:Topic 4.2; exploitative:Topic
4.2
44
Sustainable Development - Eco-tourism
∙ eco-tourism N-UNCOUNT eco-tourist (eco-tourists) N-COUNT
Eco-tourism is the business of providing holidays and related services which
are not harmful to the environment of the area visited. An eco-tourist is a tourist
who buys holidays and related services which are not harmful to the environment
of the area visited.
Having been a part of it for a week, I now truly believe that eco-tourism is
the only hope for the islands' survival. Mexico's government has been trying
to promote eco-tourism in the area, believing that this will save the butterflies'
trees from the attentions of woodcutters.
 ...an environmentally sensitive project to cater for eco-tourists. Perhaps the
most popular eco-tourist destination is the Brazilian rainforest.
∙ tourism N-UNCOUNT tourist (tourists) N-COUNT
Tourism is the business of providing services for people on holiday, for example
hotels, restaurants, and trips. A tourist is a person who is visiting a place
for pleasure and interest, especially when they are on holiday.
Tourism is vital for the Spanish economy.
Albania desperately needs more tourists to help it escape poverty.
Blackpool is the top tourist attraction in England.
∙  global tourism N-UNCOUNT
Global tourism is tourism considered as a global industry. Yet global tourism
is booming; numbers have more than doubled to nearly 600 million a year in the
last 20 years. By the mid-1980s, the global tourism business employed more people
than the oil industry.
∙ tourism sector (tourism sectors) N-COUNT
A country's tourism sector is that part of its economy that earns money through
tourism.
This is one of the new steps proposed to generate more income
from the tourism sector.
 ...a booming tourism sector
∙  mass tourism N-UNCOUNT
Mass tourism is tourism which involves very large numbers of people.
When mass tourism began to overtake elite travel following
World War II, most travel occurred within and between North
America and Western Europe.
 ... the harm caused by mass tourism.
∙ tour operator (tour operators) N-COUNT
A tour operator is a company that provides holidays in which your travel and
accommodation are booked for you.
Baby-sitting can be arranged through the tour operator.
 ... Britain's largest tour operator.
∙ ethical tourism N-UNCOUNT
Ethical tourism is tourism that is based on ethical principle: such as a desire
not to harm the environment of the place vis ti and to support its local economy.
The campaign is a fun, upbeat way of getting more out of y.
holiday while also getting a fairer deal for local people. Our
campaign sets out to demonstrate the strength of consumer
demand for ethical tourism.
∙  capital inflow (capital inflows) N-VAR
In economics, capital inflow is the amount of capital coming into a country,
for example in the form of foreign investment
As Mr Stals points out, over half the capital inflow in the 12
months to June was in the form of short-term investment, wh:
con be easily withdrawn.
 ...a large drop in the capital inflow into America.
∙  added value N-UNCOUNT
In marketing, added value is something which makes a product more appealing to
customers.
It opens up a new market to us and also benefits Tesco as it is
able to offer customers added value.
To maintain our market share and provide added value to
consumers, we need to upgrade the standard of product desigr
∙ socio-cultural ADI
Socio-cultural circumstances or developments involve a combination of social
and cultural factors.
You'll discover the political, economic and socio-cultural effects
they had on a wider society.
∙  contract rate (contract rates) N-COUNT
The contract rate for a service is a reduced price that is available for example
because you agree to use the service on a regular basis. If a hotel that is known
to have a State of Texas Contract Rate does not honor the rate, ask to speak
to the hotel manager.
∙  GNP(GNPS)N-VAR
In economics, a country's GNP is the total value of all the goods produced and
services provided by that country in one year. GNP is an abbreviation for 'gross
national product'.
By 1973 the government deficit equalled thirty percent of GNP.
∙  cultural awareness N-UNCOUNT
Someone's cultural awareness is their understanding of the differences between
themselves and people from other countries or other backgrounds, especially differences
in attitudes and values.
US exporters' weaknesses in cultural awareness.
 .. .programs to promote diversity and cultural awareness within
the SEC and the industry.
3 primary sector:Topic 2.2; balance of payments: Topic 3.1; inward investment:Topic
3.2; sustainable: Topic 4.2; green:Topic 4.3                 >
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