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Нескучный курс продвинутого английского

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Нескучный курс продвинутого английского Урок 1


Всем привет! Меня зовут Natalie Silakoff,  и отныне я - ваш персональный английский тьютор, так сказать, личный наставник. Скучать будет некогда. Начнем?

Present Perfect Tense & Exercise

1. Form: to have (present tense)+ the past participle of the main verb.

Positive

Subject

to have

past participle

She

has

finished.

Negative

Subject

to have + not

past participle

She

hasn't

finished.

Interrogative positive

to have

subject

past participle

Has

she

finished...?

Interrogative negative

to have + not

subject

past participle

Hasn't

she

finished...?

 Example: to leave (irregular verb), present perfect form

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I have left

I haven't left

Have I left?

You have left

You haven't left

Have you left?

He, she, it has left

He, she, it hasn't left

Has he,she,it left?

We have left

We haven't left

Have we left?

You have left

You haven't left

Have you left?

They have left

They haven't left

Have they left?

 

2. Use:
The present perfect is used for a complete action: We are thinking of the result when describing:


EXAMPLES:

1. An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present.

I have lived in Canada since 1984. (and I still do)

2. An action performed during a period that has not yet finished.

She has been to the doctor twice this week. (and the week isn't over yet)

3. A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now.

We have visited London several times.

4. An action that was completed in the very recent past (expressed by 'just')

I have just finished my work.

5. An action when the result is very important but the time is not.

He has seen ‘Harry Potter’.


Present perfect OR past simple?

Very Important: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past.

Example: He saw ‘Harry Potter’ last week.

Use the present perfect when the time is not important.
Use the simple past when the time or place is important.


PRESENT PERFECT + for, since

When talking about the length of time (duration), we use the present perfect with for + a period of time.
When talking about a starting point, we use the present perfect with since + a point in time.

For + a period of time:

for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours.

I have worked here for five years. She has lived here for twenty years. They have been married for six months.


Since + a point in time:

since this morning, since last week, since yesterday,
since I was 12, since Friday, since 6 o'clock.

I have lived here since 1998. They have been married since June. We have been at this school since last year.

 F PRESENT PERFECT + adverbs (ever, never, already, yet, still)
'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the past participle.

'Ever' = sometime before now, is used:

a. in questions
Have you ever been to Canada?
Has she ever met someone famous?

b. in negative questions
Haven't they ever been to Canada?
Haven't you ever eaten Thai food?

c. and in negative statements using the pattern nothing.......ever, nobody.......ever e.g.
Nobody has ever said that to me before.
Nothing like that has ever happened to me.

d. 'Ever' is also used with 'The first time.... e.g.
It's the first time I've ever eaten Thai food.
This is the first time I've ever been to Canada.



'Never' = not ever. Never is used after have/has.
I have never visited London. I’ve never been so sick.



Already, yet and still.  It can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or at the end of the sentence.

Already = sooner than expected, is used:

a. I've already heard the story five times.
b. Most people have already gone.

It is also used in questions:

a. Have you already rang Mike?
b. Has he arrived already?

Yet is used in negative statements and questions when we are expecting something to happen and goes at the end of the sentence.

a. Have you bought a ticket yet?
b. I haven't met her yet.
c. Has your course started yet?
d. They haven't arrived yet.

Still = continuing longer than expected. Still is stronger than yet and often expresses surprise that a situation has continued for so long.

a. She isn’t home yet. She’s still at work.
b. I still haven’t found what I’m looking for.
c. I’m still thinking about it.

 Choose the correct answer:

1. When ________________ the school?

   a)

have you joined

   b)

did you joined

   c)

did you join

   d)

have you ever joined

2. ___________________   in England?

   a)

Did you ever worked

   b)

Have you ever worked

   c)

Worked you

   d)

Didn't you have worked

3. That's the best speech ______________

   a)

I never heard

   b)

I didn't hear

   c)

I used to hear

   d)

I've ever heard

4. He's the most difficult housemate _____________________

   a)

I never dealt with.

   b)

I never had to deal with.

   c)

I've ever had to deal with.

   d)

I've never had to deal with.

5. ___________________ to him last week.

   a)

I spoke

   b)

I've already spoken

   c)

I didn't spoke

   d)

I speaked

6. ______________ a contract last year and it is still valid.

   a)

We have signed

   b)

We signed

   c)

We haven't signed

   d)

We have sign

7.  _______________ from a business trip to France.

   a)

I come back

   b)

I came back

   c)

I never came back

   d)

I've just come back

8. Prices ________ in 1995 but then _____   in 1996.

   a)

rised                   falled

   b)

rose                   fell

   c)

have risen          have fallen

   d)

rose                   have fallen

9. You    ____________        to a word    ____________

   a)

listened                    I haven't said

   b)

didn't listen               I say

   c)

listened                       saying

   d)

haven't listened           I've said

10. I can't believe that ________________ the news.

   a)

you haven't read

   b)

you didn't read

   c)

you don't read

   d)

you read not

Перевод

 The cloud and the dune

"Everyone knows that the lives of clouds are very active, but very short," writes Bruno Ferrero. And that brings us to another story:

A young cloud was born in the middle of a great storm in the Mediterranean Sea. But it hardly had time to grow there; a strong wind pushed all the clouds towards Africa.

As soon as they arrived on the continent, the climate changed: a warm sun shone in the sky, and down below the golden sand of the Sahara desert spread into the distance. The wind continued to push them towards the forests in the south, since it hardly ever rains in the desert.

However, just as it is with young people, so with young clouds: this one decided to break away from its parents and older friends, to see the world.

- What are you doing? - complained the wind. - The entire desert is exactly the same! Come back to the group, and let's go to the center of Africa, where there are beautiful mountains and trees!

But the young cloud, a rebel by nature, did not obey; little by little, it lowered its altitude, until it was able to float on a gentle, generous breeze down near the golden sands. After wandering all over the place, it noticed that one of the dunes was smiling at it.

It was because the dune was also young, recently formed by the wind which had just passed. Straight away, the cloud fell in love with its golden hair.

- Good morning - said the cloud. - What is it like living down there?
- I have the company of the other dunes, the sun, the wind, and the caravans which pass by from time to time. Sometimes it is very hot, but it is bearable. And what is living up there like?
- There is also the wind and the sun, but the advantage is, I can wander across the sky and get to know everything.
- For me life is short - said the dune. - When the wind returns from the forests, I will disappear.
- And does that make you sad?
- It gives me the impression that I am of no use to anyone.
- I feel the same way. As soon as another wind comes, I will go south and become rain; however, that's my destiny.

The dune hesitated for a moment, before saying:

- Did you know that, down here in the desert, we call the rain Paradise?
- I didn't know I could become something so important - said the proud cloud.
- I've heard several legends told by old dunes. They say that, after the rain, we are covered in herbs and flowers. But I'd never know what that is like, for in the desert it only rains very rarely.

This time it was the cloud which hesitated. But then it started to smile joyfully:

- If you like, I can cover you with rain. Although I've only just arrived, I am in love with you, and would like to stay here forever.
- When I first saw you up in the sky, I too fell in love - said the dune. - but if you turn your lovely white hair into rain, you will die.
- Love never dies - said the dune. - It transforms; and I want to show you Paradise.

And so it began to caress the dune with droplets; they remained together like this for a long time, until a rainbow appeared.

The next day, the small dune was covered in flowers. Other clouds passing towards central Africa, thought that must be part of the forest they were searching for, and poured down more rain. Twenty years later, the dune had become an oasis, which refreshed travelers under the shade of its trees.

And all because, one day, a loving cloud hadn't been afraid to give up its life in the name of love.

 Теорию учим, упражнение выполняем, текст переводим, стараясь не потерять авторский стиль. В следующем выпуске разбираем полеты.

А на сегодня это все

Cheers

Natalie Silakoff
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